Criminal Law Web


U.S. Criminal Law
Cases: Topical index


General Part

Preliminary

Criminal vs. Civil Sanctions
United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267 (1996) (civil forfeiture)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997) (civil commitment)
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997) (administrative penalties)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
Local Penal Law
People v. Delgardo, 1 Misc. 2d 821 (N.Y. Mag. Ct. 1955)
Crawley, State v., 90 N.J. 241 (1982)
Non-Penal Code Offenses
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969)
Bidner, Com. v., 282 Pa. Super. 100 (1980)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)
Jurisdiction
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Werblow, People v., 241 N.Y. 55 (1925)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (death penalty)
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) (life imprisonment without parole)
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993) (civil forfeiture)
United States v. Bajakajian, 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998) (civil forfeiture)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)
Double Jeopardy
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Cole, State v., 120 N.J. 321, 576 A.2d 84 (1990) (merger)
Fair Warning
1. Legislativity
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)
Keller, Com. v., 35 Pa. D. & C.2d 615 (Ct. Common Pleas 1964)
People v. Kevorkian, 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
2. Lenity
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Johnson v. State, 602 So.2d 1288 (Fla. 1992)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999) (constitutional doubt)
3. Specificity
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
City of Chicago v. Morales, 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)
4. Prospectivity
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)
Fiore v. White, 149 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 1998) (judicial interpretation)
5. Publicity
The Cotton Planter, 6 F. Cas. 620 (Cir. Ct. D.N.Y. 1810)
Burden of Proof: Reasonable Doubt
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998)

General Principles of Liability

Actus Reus
Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)
Martin v. State, 31 Ala.App. 334, 17 So.2d 427 (1944)
Decina, People v., 2 N.Y.2d 133, 138 N.E.2d 799, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558 (1956)
Shaughnessy, People v., 66 Misc. 2d 19 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1971)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
Grant, People v., 46 Ill.App.3d 125,  360 N.E.2d 809,  4 Ill.Dec. 696 (1977)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)
Omission Offenses
Steinberg, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
Knowles, United States v., 26 Fed. Cas. 801 (N.D. Cal. 1864)
Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307 (D.C. Cir. 1962)
Status Offenses
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)
Possession Offenses
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
People v. Rivera, 77 A.D.2d 538 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
Heizman, People v., 127 A.D.2d 609 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
People v. Verez, 83 N.Y.2d 921 (1994)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
People v. Young, __ N.Y.2d __ (No. 172, Nov. 23, 1999)
Mens Rea
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975) (reckless v. negligent)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Coe, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 852 (1988) ("willfully")
Ryan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 497 (1993)
Pierce, Commonwealth v., 138 Mass. 165 (1884)
Tolson, Queen v., 23 Q.B.D. 185 (1889) ("mens rea")
Cunningham, R. v., [1957] 2 QB 396 ) ("malicious")
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394 (1980)
Creighton, R. v., [1993] 3 S.C.R.
Palani Goundan v. Emperor, 1920 Madras 862 (India)
Thabo Meli v. Regina, 1 All Eng. Rep. 373 (1954) (South Africa)
Cretenoud c. Procureur Général, RO 86 IV 12 (1960) (Switzerland)
Absolute Liability
Commonwealth v. Mash, 48 Mass. (7 Metc.) 472 (1844)
Regina v. Prince, L.R. 2 Cr. Cas. Res. 154 (1875)
Guest, State v., 583 P.2d 836 (Alaska 1978)
Shevlin-Carpenter Company v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Dotterweich v. United States, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
United States v. Delahoussaye, 573 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1978)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)
Michalek, State v., 207 N.J. Super. 340, 504 A.2d 155 (1985) (vehicle & traffic)
State v. Wingate, 668 So.2d 1324 (La. Ct. App. 1996)
Manson, People v., 173 Misc. 2d 806 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1997) (sex offender registration)

Felony Murder

State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)
Causation
People v. Kibbe, 35 N.Y.2d 407 (1974) (non-codified; depraved indifference murder)
People v. Warner-Lambert, 51 N.Y.2d 295 (1980) (manufacturer's homicide liability)
In re Anthony M., 63 N.Y.2d 270 (1984) (felony murder)
People v. Griffin, 80 N.Y.2d 723 (1993) (medical malpractice as intervening cause of death)
People v. Hernandez, 82 N.Y.2d 309 (1993) (felony murder)
People v. Matos, 83 N.Y.2d 509 (1994) (felony murder)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Stamp, People v., 2 Cal.App.3d 203, 82 Cal.Rptr. 598 (1969) (felony murder; non-codified)
Root, Com. v., 403 Pa. 571,  170 A.2d 310 (1961) (non-codified)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969) (non-codified)
Rementer, Com. v., 410 Pa. Super. 9, 598 A2d 1300 (1991) (codified)
Watson, State v., 191 N.J. Super. 464 (1983) (codified; brain death)
Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 Ind. 141 (1932)
Frazier, State v., 339 Mo. 966,  98 S.W.2d 707 (1936)
Rhoades, Com. v., 379 Mass. 810,  401 N.E.2d 342 (1980)
Twitchell, Com. v., 416 Mass. 114,  617 N.E.2d 609 (1993)
Mistake
Studifin, People v., 132 Misc. 2d 326 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1986)
Marrero, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 382 (1987)
Bray, People v., 52 Cal.App.3d 494 (1975)
Baker, United States v., 807 F.2d 427 (5th Cir. 1986)
Long v. State, 44 Del. 262,  65 A.2d 489 (1949)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Mukhtar Nur, Sudan v., Major Court, 1959 Sudan L.J. 1
X. c. Ministére Public, RO 86 IV 212 (1961) (Switzerland)
Liability for Another's Conduct; Complicity
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980) (innocent)
Hernandez, State v., 18 Cal. App. 3d 651 (1971) (innocent)
Tavares, Commonwealth v., 382 Pa. Super. 317 (1989) (innocent)
Tally, State v., 15 So. 722 (Ala. 1894) (complicity)
Ochoa, State v., 72 P.2d 609, 41 N.M. 589 (1937) (complicity)
United States v. Peoni, 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir. 1938)
United States v. Falcone, 109 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1940)
Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1940)
Haines, Commonwealth v., 147 Pa. Super. 165 (1942)
Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10 (1980) (acquittal of principal)
People v. Brooks, 34 N.Y.2d 475 (1974) (definition of "accomplice")
People v. McGee, 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979) (complicity vs. conspiracy)
Abbott, People v., 84 A.D.2d 11 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
People v. Flayhart, 72 N.Y.2d 737 (1988) (complicity in reckless and negligence offenses)
People v. Kaplan, 76 N.Y.2d 140 (1990) (complicity in intent offenses; complicity vs. facilitation)
Maiorino v. Scully, 746 F. Supp. 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (causation; convictions for different degrees of offense)
Manini, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
Gains v. State, 417 So.2d 719 (D. Ct. App. Fla. 1982)
Liability of Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act, in Behalf of a Corporation
United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575 (1959)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Penn Valley Resorts, Commonwealth v., 343 Pa. Super. 387 (1985) (homicide)
Stauffer v. Ministére Public, RO 78 IV 6 (1952) (Switzerland)
Intoxication
People v. Register, 60 N.Y.2d 270 (1983) (depraved indifference murder)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985) (diminished capacity)
Cameron, State v., 104 N.J. 42 (1986) (voluntary intoxication)
Sette, State v., 259 N.J. Super. 156 (1992) (involuntary vs. pathological intoxication)
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996)
Duress
Brown, People v., 68 A.D.2d 503 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979) (duress vs. necessity)
Calvano, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 199 (1972) (duress vs. entrapment)
St. Clair, State v., 262 S.W.2d 25 (Mo. 1953)
Toscano, State v., 74 N.J. 421,  378 A.2d 755 (1977)
Unger, People v., 66 Ill.2d 333,  362 N.E.2d 319,  5 Ill.Dec. 848 (1977)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)
Military Orders
Calley, United States v., 22 U.S.C.M.A. 534 (1973) (My Lai)
Consent
People v. Lenti, 46 Misc. 2d 682 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1965)
State v. George, 937 S.W.2d 251 (Mo. App. 1996)
Entrapment
Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
People v. Isaacson, 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978) (outrageous government conduct)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
United States v. Mosley, 965 F.2d 906 (10th Cir. 1992) (outrageous government conduct)
United States v. Boyd, 55 F.3d 239 (7th Cir. 1995) (outrageous government conduct)
Rockholt, State v., 186 N.J. Super. 539 (1982)
Medina, State v., 201 N.J. Super (1985)
Fogarty, State v., 128 N.J. 59 (1992)
Abdelnoor, State v., 273 N.J. Super. 321 (1994)
State v. Vallejos, 945 P.2d 957 (N.M. 1997) (objective vs. subjective entrapment)
De Minimis
Moses, Commonwealth v., 350 Pa. Super. 231 (1986)

General Principles of Justification

Choice of Evils
United States v. Holmes, 26 F.Cas. 360 (E.D. Pa. 1842)
The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884)
People v. Brown, 70 Misc. 2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1972) (prison riot)
People. v. Bess, 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (third-degree burglary)
People v. Gray, 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1991) (disorderly conduct)
Craig, People v., 78 N.Y.2d 616 (1991)
People v. Maher, 79 N.Y.2d 978 (1992) (negligent homicide)
United States v. Kroncke, 459 F.2d 697 (8th Cir. 1972)
Warshow, State v., 138 Vt. 22,  410 A.2d 1000 (1979)
Barnhart, Commonwealth v., 345 Pa. Super. 10 (1983)
Markum, Commonwealth v., 373 Pa. Super. 341 (1988) (abortion protesters)
Commonwealth v. Leno, 415 Mass. 835 (1993)
United States v. Gomez, 92 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 1996)
Use of Force in Defense of Self, Other, or Property
LaVoie, People v., 155 Colo. 551,  395 P.2d 1001 (1964)
Peterson, United States v., 483 F.2d 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1973)
Ceballos, People v., 12 Cal.3d 470 (1974)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987) (burden of proof)
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 97 N.J. 178 (1984) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 33 Wash. App. 541 (1982) (battered woman syndrome)
Weston v. State, 682 P.2d 1119 (Ak. 1984)
Bowens, State v., 108 N.J. 622, 532 A.2d 215 (1987)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Hagi, People v., 169 A.D.2d 203 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Pena, People v., 169 Misc. 2d 75 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996)
Law Enforcement
Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Mistakes
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)

Responsibility

Insanity
M'Naghten's Case, 1 C. &  K. 130; 4 St. Tr. N.S. 847 (1843)
Johnson v. State, 38 So. 182 (Ala. 1905)
People v. Schmidt, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915) (M'Naghten test)
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952) (burden of proof)
Sinclair v. State, 161 Miss. 142, 132 So. 581 (1931)
State v. Strasburg, 60 Wash. 106, 110 P. 1020 (1910)
Smith v. United States, 36 F.2d 548 (D.C. Cir. 1929) (irresistible impulse test adopted)
Miller v. Overholser, 206 F.2d 415 (D.C. Cir. 1953) (commitment of "sexual psychopaths")
Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (Durham test established)
Washington v. United States, 390 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (Durham test doubted)
United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (en banc) (Durham test abandoned for Model Penal Code test)
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (Model Penal Code test abandoned by Congress)
18 U.S.C. § 17 (Insanity defense)
18 U.S.C. ch. 313 (Offenders with mental disease or defect)
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994) (interpreting Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984)
Maik, State v., 60 N.J. 203,  287 A.2d 715 (1972)
Smith v. State, 614 P.2d 300 (Alaska 1980)
Diminished Capacity
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985)
State v. Breakiron, 108 N.J. 591, 532 A.2d 199 (1987)

Inchoate Crimes

Attempt
Murray, People v., 14 Cal. 159 (1859)
Peaslee, Commonwealth v., 177 Mass. 267 (1901)
Jaffe, People v., 185 N.Y. 497,  78 N.E. 169 (1906)
Rizzo, People v., 246 N.Y. 334 (1927)
McQuirter v. State, 36 Ala.App. 707,  63 So.2d 388 (1953)
Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1964) (impossibility)
Stewart v. State, 85 Nev. 388 (1969) (renunciation)
Staples, People v., 6 Cal.App.3d 61, 85 Cal.Rptr. 589 (1970) (preparation)
Lyerla, State v., 424 N.W.2d 908 (S.D. 1988)
Henley, Commonwealth v., 504 Pa. 408 (1984) (impossibility)
Donton, Commonwealth v., 439 Pa. Super. 406 (1995)
Clarke, State v., 198 N.J. Super. 219 (1985)
Dlugash, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 725,  363 N.E.2d 1155 (1977)
People v. Campbell, 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988) (impossibility)
Coleman, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 381 (1989) (impossibility)
People v. Esquilin, 552 N.Y.S.2d 953 (App. Div. 1990) (impossibility)
People v. Miller, 87 N.Y.2d 211 (1995) (impossibility)
Facilitation
Gordon, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 62 (1973)
Solicitation
Lubow, People v., 29 N.Y.2d 58 (1971)
Wilson, United States v., 565 F. Supp. 1416 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) (incidental exemption)
Benson v. Super. Ct., 57 Cal.2d 240 (1962)
Conspiracy
Kemp, State v., 126 Conn. 60 (1939)
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)
McGee, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979)
Berkowitz, People v.,  50 N.Y.2d 333 (1980) (acquittal of co-conspirator)
Lauria, People v., 251 Cal.App.2d 471, 59 Cal.Rptr. 628 (1967)
Griffin v. State, 248 Ark. 1223,  455 S.W.2d 882 (1970)
Verive, State v., 128 Ariz. 570,  627 P.2d 721 (1981)

Sentencing

Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Koon, United States v., 833 F. Supp. 769 (C.D. Cal. 1993)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996)
Death Penalty
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
Repeat Offenders
Romero, People v., 13 Cal. 4th 497 (1996) ("three strikes")

  Special Part

Offenses Against the State

Offenses Against the Person

Homicide
Murder
Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
Malone, Commonwealth v., 354 Pa. 180 (1946)
Watson v. United States, 501 A.2d 791 (D.C. Ct. App. 1985)

Felony Murder

Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)
Manslaughter
Williams, State v., 4 Wash.App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167 (1971)
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975)
Colon, People v., 77 A.D.2d 370 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
Duffy, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 611 (1992)
Welansky, Com. v., 316 Mass. 383,  55 N.E.2d 902 (1944)

Provocation

Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668 (1980)
People v. White, 79 N.Y.2d 900 (1992)
People v. Fardan, 82 N.Y.2d 638 (1993)
Robinson, State v., 136 N.J. 476 (1994)
Rowland v. State, 35 So. 826, 83 Miss. 483 (1904)
Gounagias, State v., 88 Wash. 304 (1915)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Walker, People v., 55 Ill.App.2d 292,  204 N.E.2d 594 (1965)
Berry, People v., 18 Cal.3d 509 (1976)
Camplin, DPP v., [1978] AC 705
Negligent Homicide
People v. Haney, 30 N.Y.2d 328 (1972) (traffic accident)
People v. Beiter, 77 A.D.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980) (traffic accident)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (traffic accident)
Assisted Suicide
Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Vacco v. Quill,  ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
Assault
Campbell, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988)
Slaney, Commonwealth v. , 345 Mass. 135 (1962)
Kidnapping & Coercion
Eboli, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 281 (1974)

Sexual Offenses

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984) (marriage exemptions)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989) (sex discrimination)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Cogan, R. v., [1976] QB 217
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980)
Rusk, State v., 289 Md. 230,  424 A.2d 720 (Ct. App. 1981)

Offenses Against Property

Arson
Burglary
Mackey, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 274 (1980)
Bess, People v., 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gaines, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 358 (1989)
Graves, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 16 (1990)
Robbery
Reid, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 469 (1987)
Theft
Chesler, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 203 (1980)
Olivo, People v., 52 N.Y.2d 309 (1981)
Foster, People v., 73 N.Y.2d 596 (1989)
Forgery & Fraud
Martin, People v., 62 Misc. 2d 884 (N.Y. County Ct. 1970) (bad check)
Levitan, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 87 (1980)
Lombardo, People v., 61 N.Y.2d 97 (1984) (usury)
Nelson, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)

Offenses Against the Family

Offenses Against Public Administration

Bribery
Singleton, United States v., 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), vacated __ F.3d __ (Jan. 8, 1999) (en banc)
Perjury & Other Falsification
Simmons, People v., 79 Misc. 2d 249 (N.Y.City Crim. Ct. 1974)
Karp, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 965 N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1975) (impersonation)
Obstruction
Leone, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 315 (1978) (contempt)
Peacock, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 675 (1986) (resisting arrest)
Abuse of Office

Offenses Against Public Order

Riot & Disorderly Conduct

Harassment & Hate Crimes

Dupont, People v., 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gray, People v., 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1991)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
State v. Wyant, 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)
In re B.C. et al., Minors, 176 Ill. 2d 536 (1997)
Loitering
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)
Nuisance
Wright Hepburn Wester Gallery, State v., 64 Misc. 2d 423 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1970)
Public Indecency

Drug Offenses

Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975) ("aggreggate weight")
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)

Gangsters (Racketeering Offenses)

People v. Capaldo, 151 Misc. 2d 114 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1991)
People v. Wakefield Financial Corp., 155 Misc. 2d 775 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
People v. Cantarella, 160 Misc. 2d 8 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)

Vehicle & Traffic Offenses

Reckless Driving
Beatty v. Kelly, 9 A.D.2d 1001 (N.Y. App. Div. 1959)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Driving While Intoxicated
O'Connor, People v., 159 Misc. 2d 1072 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Kahn, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 594 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
Others
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) ("pretextual stops" for traffic offenses)

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