Purposes of Penal Law & Penal CodeGeneral Principles of LiabilityNew York Penal Law § 1.05; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d))Criminal vs. Civil Sanctions
Bergman, United States v., 416 F.Supp. 496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)
Michael, Jerome & Herbert Wechsler, A Rationale of the Law of Homicide I & II, 37 Colum. L. Rev. 701, 1261 (1937)
Hart, Henry M., The Aims of the Criminal Law, 23 Law & Contemp. Problems 401 (1958)
Morris, Herbert, Persons and Punishment, in The Monist 475 (1967)
Moore, Michael S., The Moral Worth of Retribution, in Character, Emotions, and Responsibility 179 (F. Schoeman et al. eds, 1988)
Wechsler, Herbert, The Challenge of a Model Penal Code, 65 Harv. L. Rev. 1097 (1952)
Kadish, Sanford H., Codifiers of the Criminal Law, 78 Colum. L. Rev. 1098 (1978)
Dan-Cohen, Meir, Decision Rules and Conduct Rules: On Acoustic Separation in Criminal Law, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 625 (1984)
Robinson, Paul H., Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication, 57 U. Chi. L Rev. 729 (1990)New York Penal Law §§ 5.10(3), 60.30Local Penal Law
United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267 (1996) (civil forfeiture)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997) (civil commitment) [oral argument]
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997) (administrative penalties)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
U.S. Dep't of Justice, Memorandum on Coordination of Parallel Criminal, Civil, and Administrative Proceedings (July 28, 1997)
Mann, Kenneth, Punitive Civil Sanctions: The Middleground Between Criminal and Civil Law, 101 Yale L.J. 1795 (1992)New York Penal Law § 10.00(1)Non-Penal Code Offenses
People v. Delgardo, 1 Misc. 2d 821 (N.Y. Mag. Ct. 1955)
Crawley, State v., 90 N.J. 241 (1982)New York Penal Law § 10.00(1)Jurisdiction
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558, 253 A.2d 636 (1969)
Bidner, Com. v., 282 Pa. Super. 100 (1980)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 20Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Weaselhead, United States v., ___ F. 3d ___ (8th Cir. No. 97-4397, Sept. 9, 1998)
Werblow, People v., 241 N.Y. 55 (1925)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)U.S. Constitution amend. 8Double Jeopardy
New York Penal Law § 1.05(4)
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction) [oral argument]
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (death penalty) [oral argument]
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) (life imprisonment without parole) [oral argument]
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993) (civil forfeiture)
United States v. Bajakajian, 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998) (civil forfeiture)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)U.S. Constitution amend. 5Fair Warning
New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 40
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
Weaselhead, United States v., ___ F. 3d ___ (8th Cir. No. 97-4397, Sept. 9, 1998)
Cole, State v., 120 N.J. 321, 576 A.2d 84 (1990) (merger)U.S. Constitution amend. 5Burden of Proof: Reasonable Doubt
New York Penal Law § 1.05(2)
Jeffries, John Calvin, Jr., Legality, Vagueness, and the Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 Va. L. Rev. 189 (1985)
Allen, Francis A., The Erosion of Legality in American Criminal Justice, 29 Ariz. L. Rev. 385 (1987)1. Legislativity
New York Penal Law (not codified)2. Lenity
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)
Keller, Com. v., 35 Pa. D. & C.2d 615 (Ct. Common Pleas 1964)
People v. Kevorkian, 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
Kahan, Dan M., Three Conceptions of Federal Criminal-Lawmaking, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 5 (1997)New York Penal Law § 5.003. Specificity
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Johnson v. State, 602 So.2d 1288 (Fla. 1992)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999) (constitutional doubt)
Kahan, Dan M., Lenity and Federal Common Law Crimes, 1994 Sup. Ct. Rev. 345New York Penal Law § 5.004. Prospectivity
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
City of Chicago v. Morales, 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)U.S. Constitution art. 1, §§ 9 & 105. Publicity
New York Penal Law § 5.00
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)
Fiore v. White, 149 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 1998) (judicial interpretation)
Kahan, Dan M., Some Realism About Retroactive Criminal Lawmaking, 3 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 95 (1997)The Cotton Planter, 6 F. Cas. 620 (Cir. Ct. D.N.Y. 1810)U.S. Constitution amend. 5
New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 70
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999)
Fletcher, George P., Two Kinds of Legal Rules, 77 Yale L.J. 880 (1968)
Actus ReusNew York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10Omission Offenses
Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)
Martin v. State, 31 Ala.App. 334, 17 So.2d 427 (1944)
Decina, People v., 2 N.Y.2d 133, 138 N.E.2d 799, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558 (1956)
Shaughnessy, People v., 66 Misc. 2d 19 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1971)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
Grant, People v., 46 Ill.App.3d 125, 360 N.E.2d 809, 4 Ill.Dec. 696 (1977)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(3)-(5), 15.10Status Offenses
Steinberg, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
Knowles, United States v., 26 Fed. Cas. 801 (N.D. Cal. 1864)
Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307 (D.C. Cir. 1962)New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10Possession Offenses
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction) [oral argument]
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)New York Penal Law §§ 10.00(8), 15.00(2)Mens Rea (see comparative chart)
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
People v. Rivera, 77 A.D.2d 538 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
Heizman, People v., 127 A.D.2d 609 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
People v. Verez, 83 N.Y.2d 921 (1994)New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(6), 15.05Absolute Liability
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975) (reckless v. negligent)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Coe, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 852 (1988) ("willfully")
Ryan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 497 (1993)
Pierce, Commonwealth v., 138 Mass. 165 (1884)
Tolson, Queen v., 23 Q.B.D. 185 (1889) ("mens rea")
Cunningham, R. v., [1957] 2 QB 396 ) ("malicious")
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394 (1980)
Creighton, R. v., [1993] 3 S.C.R.
Palani Goundan v. Emperor, 1920 Madras 862 (India)
Thabo Meli v. Regina, 1 All Eng. Rep. 373 (1954) (South Africa)
Cretenoud c. Procureur Général, RO 86 IV 12 (1960) (Switzerland)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Mens Rea, 45 Harv. L. Rev. 974 (1932)
Packer, Herbert L., Mens Rea and the Supreme Court, 1962 Sup. Ct. Rev. 107
Robinson, Paul H. & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis in Defining Criminal Liability, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983)
Simons, Kenneth W., Rethinking Mental States, 72 B.U. L. Rev. 463 (1992)New York Penal Law § 15.10Causation
Commonwealth v. Mash, 48 Mass. (7 Metc.) 472 (1844)
Regina v. Prince, L.R. 2 Cr. Cas. Res. 154 (1875)
Guest, State v., 583 P.2d 836 (Alaska 1978)
Shevlin-Carpenter Company v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Dotterweich v. United States, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
United States v. Delahoussaye, 573 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1978)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)
Michalek, State v., 207 N.J. Super. 340, 504 A.2d 155 (1985) (vehicle & traffic)
State v. Wingate, 668 So.2d 1324 (La. Ct. App. 1996)
Manson, People v., 173 Misc. 2d 806 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1997) (sex offender registration)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Public Welfare Offenses, 33 Colum. L. Rev. 55 (1933)
Wasserstrom, Richard, Strict Liability in the Criminal Law, 12 Stan. L. Rev. 731 (1960)Felony Murder
New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777, 402 P.2d 130, 44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412, 297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)New York Penal Law (not codified)Mistake
People v. Kibbe, 35 N.Y.2d 407 (1974) (non-codified; depraved indifference murder)
People v. Warner-Lambert, 51 N.Y.2d 295 (1980) (manufacturer's homicide liability)
In re Anthony M., 63 N.Y.2d 270 (1984) (felony murder)
People v. Griffin, 80 N.Y.2d 723 (1993) (medical malpractice as intervening cause of death)
People v. Hernandez, 82 N.Y.2d 309 (1993) (felony murder)
People v. Matos, 83 N.Y.2d 509 (1994) (felony murder)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Stamp, People v., 2 Cal.App.3d 203, 82 Cal.Rptr. 598 (1969) (felony murder; non-codified)
Root, Com. v., 403 Pa. 571, 170 A.2d 310 (1961) (non-codified)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558, 253 A.2d 636 (1969) (non-codified)
Rementer, Com. v., 410 Pa. Super. 9, 598 A2d 1300 (1991) (codified)
Watson, State v., 191 N.J. Super. 464 (1983) (codified; brain death)
Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 Ind. 141 (1932)
Frazier, State v., 339 Mo. 966, 98 S.W.2d 707 (1936)
Rhoades, Com. v., 379 Mass. 810, 401 N.E.2d 342 (1980)
Twitchell, Com. v., 416 Mass. 114, 617 N.E.2d 609 (1993)New York Penal Law § 15.20Liability for Another's Conduct; Complicity
Studifin, People v., 132 Misc. 2d 326 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1986)
Marrero, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 382 (1987)
Baker, United States v., 807 F.2d 427 (5th Cir. 1986)
Long v. State, 44 Del. 262, 65 A.2d 489 (1949)
Bray, People v., 52 Cal.App.3d 494 (1975)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Mukhtar Nur, Sudan v., Major Court, 1959 Sudan L.J. 1
X. c. Ministére Public, RO 86 IV 212 (1961) (Switzerland)
General Principles of JustificationNew York Penal Law art. 20Liability of Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act, in Behalf of a Corporation
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770, 263 S.E.2d 392 (1980) (innocent)
Hernandez, State v., 18 Cal. App. 3d 651 (1971) (innocent)
Tavares, Commonwealth v., 382 Pa. Super. 317 (1989) (innocent)
Tally, State v., 15 So. 722 (Ala. 1894) (complicity)
Ochoa, State v., 72 P.2d 609, 41 N.M. 589 (1937) (complicity)
United States v. Peoni, 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir. 1938)
United States v. Falcone, 109 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1940)
Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1940)
Haines, Commonwealth v., 147 Pa. Super. 165 (1942)
Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10 (1980) (acquittal of principal)
People v. Brooks, 34 N.Y.2d 475 (1974) (definition of "accomplice")
People v. McGee, 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979) (complicity vs. conspiracy)
Abbott, People v., 84 A.D.2d 11 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
People v. Flayhart, 72 N.Y.2d 737 (1988) (complicity in reckless and negligence offenses)
People v. Kaplan, 76 N.Y.2d 140 (1990) (complicity in intent offenses; complicity vs. facilitation)
Maiorino v. Scully, 746 F. Supp. 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (causation; convictions for different degrees of offense)
Manini, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
Gains v. State, 417 So.2d 719 (D. Ct. App. Fla. 1982)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Responsibility for the Acts of Another, 43 Harv. L. Rev. 689 (1930)New York Penal Law §§ 20.20-.25Intoxication
United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575 (1959)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Penn Valley Resorts, Commonwealth v., 343 Pa. Super. 387 (1985) (homicide)
Stauffer v. Ministére Public, RO 78 IV 6 (1952) (Switzerland)New York Penal Law §§ 15.05(3), 15.25Duress
People v. Register, 60 N.Y.2d 270 (1983) (depraved indifference murder)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985) (diminished capacity)
Cameron, State v., 104 N.J. 42 (1986) (voluntary intoxication)
Sette, State v., 259 N.J. Super. 156 (1992) (involuntary vs. pathological intoxication)
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996)New York Penal Law § 40.00Military Orders
Brown, People v., 68 A.D.2d 503 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979) (duress vs. necessity)
Calvano, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 199 (1972) (duress vs. entrapment)
St. Clair, State v., 262 S.W.2d 25 (Mo. 1953)
Toscano, State v., 74 N.J. 421, 378 A.2d 755 (1977)
Unger, People v., 66 Ill.2d 333, 362 N.E.2d 319, 5 Ill.Dec. 848 (1977)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)New York Penal Law (not codified)Entrapment
Calley, United States v., 22 U.S.C.M.A. 534 (1973) (My Lai)New York Penal Law § 40.05De Minimis
Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
People v. Isaacson, 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978) (outrageous government conduct)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
United States v. Mosley, 965 F.2d 906 (10th Cir. 1992) (outrageous government conduct)
United States v. Boyd, 55 F.3d 239 (7th Cir. 1995) (outrageous government conduct)
Rockholt, State v., 186 N.J. Super. 539 (1982)
Medina, State v., 201 N.J. Super (1985)
Fogarty, State v., 128 N.J. 59 (1992)
Abdelnoor, State v., 273 N.J. Super. 321 (1994)
State v. Vallejos, 945 P.2d 957 (N.M. 1997) (objective vs. subjective entrapment)New York Penal Law (not codified)
Moses, Commonwealth v., 350 Pa. Super. 231 (1986)
Pomorski, Stanislaw, On Multiculturalism, Concepts of Crime, and the "De Minimis" Defense, 1997 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 51
Choice of EvilsNew York Penal Law § 35.05(2)Use of Force in Defense of Self, Other, or Property
United States v. Holmes, 26 F.Cas. 360 (E.D. Pa. 1842)
The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884)
People v. Brown, 70 Misc. 2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1972) (prison riot)
People. v. Bess, 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (third-degree burglary)
People v. Gray, 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1991) (disorderly conduct)
Craig, People v., 78 N.Y.2d 616 (1991)
People v. Maher, 79 N.Y.2d 978 (1992) (negligent homicide)
United States v. Kroncke, 459 F.2d 697 (8th Cir. 1972)
Warshow, State v., 138 Vt. 22, 410 A.2d 1000 (1979)
Barnhart, Commonwealth v., 345 Pa. Super. 10 (1983)
Markum, Commonwealth v., 373 Pa. Super. 341 (1988) (abortion protesters)
Commonwealth v. Leno, 415 Mass. 835 (1993)
Robinson, Paul H., Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis, 82 Colum. L. Rev. 199 (1982)
Greenawalt, Kent, The Perplexing Borders of Justification and Excuse, 84 Colum. L. Rev. 1897 (1984)
Fletcher, George P., The Right and the Reasonable, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 949 (1985)New York Penal Law §§ 35.15-.25Law Enforcement
LaVoie, People v., 155 Colo. 551, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964)
Peterson, United States v., 483 F.2d 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1973)
Ceballos, People v., 12 Cal.3d 470 (1974)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987) (burden of proof)
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 97 N.J. 178 (1984) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 33 Wash. App. 541 (1982) (battered woman syndrome)
Weston v. State, 682 P.2d 1119 (Ak. 1984)
Bowens, State v., 108 N.J. 622, 532 A.2d 215 (1987)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Hagi, People v., 169 A.D.2d 203 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Pena, People v., 169 Misc. 2d 75 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996)
Coughlin, Anne, Excusing Women, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 1 (1994)
U.S. Constitution amend. 4Mistakes
New York Penal Law § 35.30
Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
ResponsibilityNew York Penal Law § 15.20
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
InsanityInchoate CrimesNew York Penal Law § 40.15Diminished Capacity
M'Naghten's Case, 1 C. & K. 130; 4 St. Tr. N.S. 847 (1843)
Johnson v. State, 38 So. 182 (Ala. 1905)
People v. Schmidt, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915) (M'Naghten test)
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952) (burden of proof)
Smith v. United States, 36 F.2d 548 (D.C. Cir. 1929) (irresistible impulse test adopted)
Miller v. Overholser, 206 F.2d 415 (D.C. Cir. 1953) (commitment of "sexual psychopaths")
Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (Durham test established)
Washington v. United States, 390 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (Durham test doubted)
United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (en banc) (Durham test abandoned for Model Penal Code test)
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (Model Penal Code test abandoned by Congress)
18 U.S.C. § 17 (Insanity defense)
18 U.S.C. ch. 313 (Offenders with mental disease or defect)
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994) (interpreting Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984)
Maik, State v., 60 N.J. 203, 287 A.2d 715 (1972)
Smith v. State, 614 P.2d 300 (Alaska 1980)New York Penal Law (not codified)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985) (diminished capacity)
New York Penal Law arts. 100-115Sentencing
Wechsler, Herbert et al., The Treatment of Inchoate Crimes in the Model Penal Code I & II, 61 Colum. L. Rev. 571, 957 (1961)
Soble, Nathan R., The Anticipatory Offenses in the New Penal Law, 32 Brook. L. Rev. 257 (1966)Attempt
New York Penal Law art. 110Facilitation
Murray, People v., 14 Cal. 159 (1859)
Peaslee, Commonwealth v., 177 Mass. 267 (1901)
Jaffe, People v., 185 N.Y. 497, 78 N.E. 169 (1906)
Rizzo, People v., 246 N.Y. 334 (1927)
McQuirter v. State, 36 Ala.App. 707, 63 So.2d 388 (1953)
Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1964) (impossibility)
Stewart v. State, 85 Nev. 388 (1969) (renunciation)
Staples, People v., 6 Cal.App.3d 61, 85 Cal.Rptr. 589 (1970) (preparation)
Lyerla, State v., 424 N.W.2d 908 (S.D. 1988)
Henley, Commonwealth v., 504 Pa. 408 (1984) (impossibility)
Donton, Commonwealth v., 439 Pa. Super. 406 (1995)
Clarke, State v., 198 N.J. Super. 219 (1985)
Dlugash, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 725, 363 N.E.2d 1155 (1977)
People v. Campbell, 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988) (impossibility)
Coleman, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 381 (1989) (impossibility)
People v. Esquilin, 552 N.Y.S.2d 953 (App. Div. 1990) (impossibility)
People v. Miller, 87 N.Y.2d 211 (1995) (impossibility)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Attempts, 41 Harv. L. Rev. 821 (1928)New York Penal Law art. 115Solicitation
Gordon, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 62 (1973)New York Penal Law art. 100Conspiracy
Lubow, People v., 29 N.Y.2d 58 (1971)
Wilson, United States v., 565 F. Supp. 1416 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) (incidental exemption)
Benson v. Super. Ct., 57 Cal.2d 240 (1962)New York Penal Law arts. 105, 460
Kemp, State v., 126 Conn. 60 (1939)
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)
McGee, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979)
Berkowitz, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 333 (1980) (acquittal of co-conspirator)
Lauria, People v., 251 Cal.App.2d 471, 59 Cal.Rptr. 628 (1967)
Griffin v. State, 248 Ark. 1223, 455 S.W.2d 882 (1970)
Verive, State v., 128 Ariz. 570, 627 P.2d 721 (1981)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Conspiracy, 35 Harv. L. Rev. 393 (1922)
New York Penal Law arts. 55-85, 410, 415, 420, 480, § 460.30; New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1800 & 1801; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d)); U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Koon, United States v., 833 F. Supp. 769 (C.D. Cal. 1993)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996)
Bergman, United States v., 416 F.Supp. 496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)
Death PenaltyNew York Penal Law §§ 60.06, 125.27Repeat Offenders
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) [oral argument]
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) [oral argument]
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)Romero, People v., 13 Cal. 4th 497 (1996) ("three strikes")
Dubber, Markus Dirk, The Unprincipled Punishment of Repeat Offenders: A Critique of California's Habitual Criminal Statute, 43 Stan. L. Rev. 193 (1990)
------, Recidivist Statutes as Arational Punishment, 43 Buff. L. Rev. 689 (1995)
NOTE: For a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here.
Offenses Against the State
New York Penal Law (n/a); U.S. Constitution art. 3 § 3; U.S. Code, 18 U.S.C. ch. 115Offenses Against the Person
HomicideSexual OffensesNew York Penal Law art. 125Assault
Michael, Jerome & Herbert Wechsler, A Rationale of the Law of Homicide I & II, 37 Colum L Rev 701, 1261 (1937)Murder
New York Penal Law §§ 125.25-.27Manslaughter
Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) [oral argument]
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) [oral argument]
Malone, Commonwealth v., 354 Pa. 180 (1946)
Watson v. United States, 501 A.2d 791 (D.C. Ct. App. 1985)Felony Murder
New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777, 402 P.2d 130, 44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412, 297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)New York Penal Law §§ 125.12-.20Negligent Homicide
Williams, State v., 4 Wash.App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167 (1971)
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975)
Colon, People v., 77 A.D.2d 370 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
Duffy, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 611 (1992)
Welansky, Com. v., 316 Mass. 383, 55 N.E.2d 902 (1944)New York Penal Law §§ 125.20(2), .25(1)(a), .27(2)(a)
Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668 (1980)
People v. White, 79 N.Y.2d 900 (1992)
People v. Fardan, 82 N.Y.2d 638 (1993)
Robinson, State v., 136 N.J. 476 (1994)
Rowland v. State, 35 So. 826, 83 Miss. 483 (1904)
Gounagias, State v., 88 Wash. 304 (1915)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Walker, People v., 55 Ill.App.2d 292, 204 N.E.2d 594 (1965)
Berry, People v., 18 Cal.3d 509 (1976)
Camplin, DPP v., [1978] AC 705New York Penal Law § 125.10Assisted Suicide
People v. Haney, 30 N.Y.2d 328 (1972) (traffic accident)
People v. Beiter, 77 A.D.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980) (traffic accident)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (traffic accident)New York Penal Law § 120.30
Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Vacco v. Quill, ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)New York Penal Law art. 120, § 205.50(4)Kidnapping & Coercion
Campbell, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988)New York Penal Law art. 135
Eboli, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 281 (1974)
New York Penal Law art. 130Offenses Against Property
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984) (marriage exemptions)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989) (sex discrimination)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Cogan, R. v., [1976] QB 217
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770, 263 S.E.2d 392 (1980)
Rusk, State v., 289 Md. 230, 424 A.2d 720 (Ct. App. 1981)
ArsonOffenses Against the FamilyNew York Penal Law arts. 145, 150, §§ 156.20- .27, .50BurglaryNew York Penal Law art. 140Robbery
Mackey, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 274 (1980)
Bess, People v., 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gaines, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 358 (1989)
Graves, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 16 (1990)New York Penal Law art. 160Theft
Reid, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 469 (1987)New York Penal Law arts. 155, 165, 275, 420, §§ 156.05, .10, .30, .35, .50; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 133)Forgery & Fraud
Chesler, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 203 (1980)
Olivo, People v., 52 N.Y.2d 309 (1981)
Foster, People v., 73 N.Y.2d 596 (1989)
Fletcher, George P., The Metamorphosis of Larceny, 89 Harv. L. Rev. 469 (1976)New York Penal Law arts. 158, 165, 170, 175, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, 460, 470
Martin, People v., 62 Misc. 2d 884 (N.Y. County Ct. 1970) (bad check)
Levitan, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 87 (1980)
Lombardo, People v., 61 N.Y.2d 97 (1984) (usury)
Nelson, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)
New York Penal Law §§ 125.40-.60, arts. 255, 260, 263Offenses Against Public Administration
BriberyOffenses Against Public OrderNew York Penal Law arts. 195, 200, 215Perjury & Other Falsification
Singleton, United States v., 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), vacated __ F.3d __ (Jan. 8, 1999) (en banc)New York Penal Law arts. 200, 215Obstruction
Simmons, People v., 79 Misc. 2d 249 (N.Y.City Crim. Ct. 1974)
Karp, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 965 N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1975) (impersonation)New York Penal Law arts. 195, 205; New York Judiciary Law art. 19Abuse of Office
Leone, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 315 (1978) (contempt)
Peacock, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 675 (1986) (resisting arrest)New York Penal Law art. 195
Riot & Disorderly ConductComputer OffensesNew York Penal Law arts. 240, 250Harassment & Hate CrimesNew York Penal Law § 240.31Loitering
Dupont, People v., 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gray, People v., 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1991)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
State v. Wyant, 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)
In re B.C. et al., Minors, 176 Ill. 2d 536 (1997)New York Penal Law §§ 240.35-.37Nuisance
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)New York Penal Law §§ 240.45-.46; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 294)Public Indecency
Wright Hepburn Wester Gallery, State v., 64 Misc. 2d 423 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1970)New York Penal Law arts. 230, 235, 240, 245, 410
New York Penal Law art. 156Drug Offenses
New York Penal Law arts. 220, 221, 480Gambling Offenses
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975) ("aggreggate weight")
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Nestler, Cornelius, Constitutional Principles, Criminal Law Principles, and German Drug Law, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 661 (1998)
New York Penal Law arts. 225, 415; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 75, 213)Gangsters (Racketeering Offenses)
New York Penal Law arts. 460, 470; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. chs. 95 & 96)Weapons Offenses
People v. Capaldo, 151 Misc. 2d 114 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1991)
People v. Wakefield Financial Corp., 155 Misc. 2d 775 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
People v. Cantarella, 160 Misc. 2d 8 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)
Lynch, Gerard E., RICO: The Crime of Being a Criminal I & II, 87 Colum. L. Rev. 661, 920 (1987)
New York Penal Law arts. 265, 400Banking Offenses
New York Banking Law (e.g., art. 13-D, § 656) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Environmental Offenses
New York Environmental Conservation Law (e.g., art. 71); New York Parks, Recreation, & Historic Preservation Law (e.g., art. 27); County Codes (e.g., Erie County Administrative Code § 9.06); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 216, 235, 337, 467) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Health Offenses
New York Public Health Law (e.g., art. 28, § 2805-b, -f, art. 28-D, § 2897-b, art. 34, § 3455, art. 35, § 3512) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Housing Offenses
New York Multiple Dwelling Law (e.g., art. 8, § 304); New York Multiple Residence Law (art. 8, § 304) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Labor Offenses
New York Labor Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 209, 213); New York Workers’ Compensation Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 110, 114, 125, 131) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Liquor Offenses
New York Alcoholic Beverage Control Law (e.g., art. 8, § 130) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Military Offenses
New York Military Law (e.g., art. 11, §§ 236, 238, 238-a, 238-b, 240, 251, 252) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Professional & Licensing Offenses
New York Judiciary Law (e.g., art. 15, §§ 476, 478-89, 491-95 476, 478-89, 491-95); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 144, 165, 213, 238, 326, 437) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Public Safety Offenses
New York Penal Law arts. 270, 400, 405; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 370 (restaurant occupancy limits))Tax Offenses
New York Tax Law (e.g., art. 37); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo art. 28, ch. 281)Trade Offenses
U.S. Dep't of Justice, Tax Division, Criminal Tax Manual (1994) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]
New York General Business Law (e.g., art. 2, §§ 4, 13, 16, art. 3, §§ 24, 26, art. 4, § 32(7), art. 5, § 54, art. 6-B, §§ 69, 69-c, art. 6-D, § 69-v, art. 7, §§ 70, 73, 75, 80-82, 84, art. 8-C, § 89-www, art. 9, §§ 90, 91, 93-95, 97-110, art. 9-A, §§ 119, 120, 124-27, art. 9-B, §§ 130(9), 131-36, 140-42, art. 10, § 159, art. 11, §§ 190, 193, art. 12, § 206-c, art. 13, §§ 229-a to -i, art. 13-A, § 237, art. 13-B, § 239-a, art. 14, §§ 246 to 248-a, art. 21, §§ 331, 334 to 338-a, art. 21-A, §§ 339-a to -f, art. 22-A, § 350); New York Real Property Actions & Proceedings Law (e.g., art. 2, § 232) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Vehicle & Traffic Offenses
Reckless DrivingNew York Vehicle & Traffic Law § 1212 [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Driving While Intoxicated
Beatty v. Kelly, 9 A.D.2d 1001 (N.Y. App. Div. 1959)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1192-1193 [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]Others
O'Connor, People v., 159 Misc. 2d 1072 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Kahn, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 594 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1150 et seq. (pedestrians), 1230 et seq. (bicycles), 1800 & 1801 (penalties); New York Department of Motor Vehicles Regulations §§ 51.5 & 51.6 (tires) [for a complete listing of New York state criminal offenses not codified in the New York Penal Law, click here]
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) ("pretextual stops" for traffic offenses)