McCLELLAN, J.

 The evidence was taken ore tenus in this case.  There were many witnesses.  Much difficulty and delay in securing their attendance at Montgomery were apprehended.  To facilitate the hearing of the case, and to subserve the convenience and necessities of the witnesses, the judges of this court, at the request and in accordance with the agreement of the respondent and the state, consented to take the evidence and hear the arguments of counsel in the cause at Huntsville, near the scene of the acts and omissions laid against the respondent in the information; and the evidence was there taken, and the arguments were there heard.  This, we were and are of opinion, we might well do at the request and in accordance with the agreement referred to, in view of the control which the statute gives respondents in such cases over the manner of taking testimony.  But we were not unmindful of section 3, art. 6, of the constitution, which is in this language:  "The supreme court shall be held at the seat of government, but if that shall become dangerous from any cause, it may adjourn to a different place." And we were careful, while sitting at Huntsville as individual members of the court, and not as the court itself, to avoid the attempted exercise of all judicial power.  Hence it is that we made no rulings as to the admissibility of testimony except of a tentative and advisory nature, and hence it is also that much incompetent testimony was received, subject to objections noted at the time and is now to be stricken out and excluded, either expressly or by tacitly disregarding it in reaching the conclusions we shall announce.  This course, under the circumstances, the triors of the facts and the judges of the competency of proposed testimony being the same, and under a necessity, for the most part, to know what the offered testimony is before passing upon its admissibility, whether the ruling is to be presently or subsequently made, involved no prejudice to either party, and, we believe, facilitated the hearing in this instance.

 Briefly stated, the information in this case contains two charges against John B. Tally, as judge of the ninth judicial circuit.  The first is willful neglect of duty while in office, in that, knowing the intent of Robert, John, James, and Walter Skelton to take the life of R. C. Ross, and having the opportunity to intervene in his official capacity, to prevent the execution of that intent, he willfully failed and neglected to do so.  The second count charges complicity on the part of Tally in the murder of Ross by the hands of said Skeltons.  Tally was a brother-in-law to all of the Skeltons named, except John, having married their sister, who was a cousin to John.  The grievance they had against Ross lay in the fact that the latter had seduced, or been criminally intimate with, a sister of three of them and of Mrs. Tally.  This abstract fact was, in our opinion, competent evidence in this case against Tally, as tending to connect him with the motive which actuated the Skeltons to the killing of Ross, and the fact appears in this case by evidence to which no objection was interposed.  Much evidence on this subject, including several letters written by Ross to Miss Skelton, was offered by the respondent, objected to by the state, and received subject to the objection because of the circumstances, to which we have adverted, under which the evidence was taken.  All this must now yield to the objection noted at the time, and be excluded from the case.  It was proved that both the Skeltons and Tally had full knowledge of the liaison between Ross and Miss Skelton-had had possession of and read all the implicatory letters from him to her-long before the killing of Ross.  Had they, immediately upon the receipt of these letters and upon coming, in this or other way, to a knowledge of Ross' misconduct towards her, been moved, by the tumult of passion which the law holds such intelligence sufficient to provoke and engender, to take the life of Ross, and had taken his life while under the actual dominion of this overmastering passion, before cooling time had elapsed, all this evidence would have been competent, as negativing the premeditation and malice which are essential elements of murder, and thereby reducing the grade of their offense to manslaughter.  But the amplest cooling time had elapsed.  If their passion continued, it was without justification of law.  And whether, as a matter of fact, life was taken in a passion so continuing, or not, the offense of the Skeltons and of Tally, if he participated in the homicide, was and could be in no wise, and to no extent or degree, justified, mitigated, or extenuated by the fact of Ross' relation with their sister; and they are each and all guilty or not of murder as the other and only evidence in the case wholly apart from and exclusive of the relations of Ross and Miss Skelton may or may not satisfy, beyond a reasonable doubt, minds charged with the investigation that they killed, or participated in the killing of, Ross under circumstances that would have imported murder had the perpetrators been wholly without grievance, real or fancied, against him.  All this testimony is therefore entirely irrelevant and immaterial to any issue that can possibly exist in this case, and it is excluded.  Hooks v. State (Ala.) 13 South. 767; McNeill v. State (Ala.) 15 South. 352.

 It has been many times decided by this court, and may now be considered the settled rule with us, though most of the adjudged cases in other jurisdictions hold the contrary, that a witness cannot depose to his uncommunicated intention.  And upon this rule the testimony of the respondent as to the purpose and intention which actuated [p. 725] him in the sending of a certain telegram, and of the witness Huddleston that, upon receiving certain telegrams from E. H. Ross and the respondent on the morning of February 4, 1894, he "went down to the hotel to see if Mr. Ross was there,-to see if he had come there; went down to advise with him, and to see what the trouble was, and also to deliver the message,"-must now be stricken out.  Wheeless v. Rhodes, 70 Ala. 419; Whizenant v. State, 71 ala. 383; Stewart v. State, 78 Ala. 436; Fonville v. State, 91 Ala. 39, 8 South. 688; Baldwin v. Walker, 91 Ala. 428, 8 South. 364; Railroad Co. v. Davis, 91 Ala. 615, 8 South. 349; Lewis v. State, 96 Ala. 6, 11 South. 259.

 The conversation between the respondent and Mr. J. E. Brown, after and on the day of the homicide, was in the nature of privileged communications between attorney and client, for, though that relation was never established between those parties, what was then said by the respondent was with a view to the retainer of Mr. Brown, and is within the protection of the rule.  That conversation and the circumstances under which it was had must now be excluded.  Hawes v. State, 88 Ala. 37, 68, 7 South. 302.

 Without discussing at present other objections to testimony which may be ruled upon in the course of this opinion, we will proceed to state and consider the evidence with reference to the guilt or innocence of the respondent of the charges brought against him by the information; premising that we recognize the rule of conviction beyond a reasonable doubt as applicable to this case, and that our minds must be convinced to that degree of the guilt of the respondent before we can adjudge him guilty as charged.

 Among the facts which the evidence establishes without conflict, direct or inferential, in this case, are the following:  About January 6, 1894, Ross left his house in Scottsboro surreptitiously under and because of an apprehension that his life was in imminent peril at the hands of the Skeltons. He remained away from Scottsboro under this apprehension until Tuesday night, January 30th, when he returned on account of the illness of his wife.  From that time until Sunday, February 4th, he remained in Scottsboro, secluded in his house.  About 6 o'clock on that Sunday morning, just as the train passed Scottsboro going to Stevenson, and beyond there to Chattanooga, Ross left Scottsboro, in a hack, for Stevenson, 18 miles distant, intending to catch a train there on another road, and go on to Chattanooga.  With him were his brother-in-law, Bloodwood, a negro man.  John Calloway, and the driver, one Hammons.  All of the party were armed.  Ross had a gun and a pistol, Bloodwood had a gun, and Calloway and Hammons each had a pistol.  They arrived in Stevenson about 10:45 that morning, and driving to a point in a public road or street midway between an hotel and the passenger station of the two railroads that connect, or rather unite, there, and 30 or 40 yards from each, all the party alighted from the vehicle, except the driver, and took out their arms and baggage, the latter consisting of three valises.  A person, William Tally, passing at the time from the hotel to the station, walked around the hack, which had stopped immediately in front of him, and met, shook hands, and passed the usual salutations with Ross, who had gotten out on the side next the station.  Tally then turned away, and started on towards the station.  Just at this juncture a shot was fired at Bloodwood from behind the depot platform. This was followed by another from the same place, and then by other shots from two guns behind the platform, and from a pile of telegraph poles a little way down the road, in the direction from which the hack had come.  Some one or more of these succeeding shots took effect in Ross' legs, and he fell.  Bloodwood was also wounded, and ran away.  The team ran away with Hammons.  Calloway does not appear to have been hit, but in some way he fell with and under Ross.  They both arose almost immediately.  The negro, Calloway, ran away.  Ross managed to get to the side of a small oil house, a short distance beyond where the hack had stopped, and took a position affording some shelter from persons behind the platform and telegraph poles. While standing there with his gun in his hand, and looking in the direction of the telegraph poles, a man came to the corner of the house behind him, and shot him with a Winchester rifle through the head from back to front.  He fell in the throes of death, and died. Then another man came up from behind the platform, and, approaching closely, also shot him through the head with a Winchester rifle. The man who fired the first and two or three other shots from behind the platform was Robert Skelton.  The man who fired the other shots from that position was James Skelton.  The man who fired from the telegraph poles was Walter Skelton.  John Skelton it was who reached the corner of the oil house behind Ross, shot him in the back of the head, and killed him.  And it was Robert who came up after he was dead, and again shot him in the head.  Some of the Skeltons were seen about the station in Scottsboro when the east-bound train passed that morning, just at the time Ross started overland to Stevenson.  Soon after that they heard of Ross' flight, and, as soon as they could get together, arm and mount themselves they started in pursuit on horseback.  They were fearful that Ross would turn off the Stevenson road, and go across the Tennessee river, as he had done on the occasion of his previous flight; and hence, they were afraid to take any short cuts, by resorting to which they could have-as Ross continued in the Stevenson road-overtaken him much sooner than they did; but, in their uncertainty as to his destination,726 they thought it best to follow the tracks of his vehicle.  Doing so, they came in sight and within a little distance of the hack as it was crossing a creek a mile from Stevenson.  The hack was a close one, and its occupants did not see them.  A railroad crosses the creek at this point along the side of the public road.  They could have attacked the Ross party at this point, and Walter Skelton testifies that he then said to his companions, "Let's surround them, and demand of him where Annie is;" but that they said, "No; that would probably bring on a fight, and some one of us get killed."  Instead of this, Robert and James dismounted, left their horses, and ran along the railway track to Stevenson, where they arrived and took positions behind the platform almost immediately after the Ross party had arrived and stopped.  Walter and John Skelton kept in the road behind the hack, and 50 or 60 yards distant from it.  They, too, were afoot at this time.  Walter stopped at the pile of telegraph poles, which he seemed to have reached about the time the hack stopped, and before any one alighted from it. John, in some way, got beyond the hack, and finally to the oil house, without, so far as the evidence discloses, being seen by anybody until just before he shot and killed Ross.  After the killing of Ross, Robert Skelton sent a telegram to the respondent, at Scottsboro, informing him that Ross was dead, and that none of the Skeltons were hurt; and they all surrendered themselves to Huddleston, who was mayor of Stevenson, and were taken back to Scottsboro, and confined in jail. Subsequently bail was allowed them, and was given by Robert and James.  John and Walter were unable to give bail, and the former escaped, and is still at large.  After this Walter also gave bail. All these facts are undisputed.

 The evidence offered in justification or mitigation of the homicide, except the facts and circumstances of Ross' relations with Miss Annie Skelton, which we have excluded, is that of Robert Skelton, as follows:  "About the time that I got to the depot, between the depot and the hotel, Mr. Ross was at the buggy, speaking with Bill Tally.  I walked up and saw that.  In a little while, I don't know how long, Mr. Bloodwood drew his gun up at me.  I dodged down, and then fired at Bloodwood."  And of Walter Skelton:  "I was, I suppose, fifty or sixty yards behind the hack when it stopped, and I was watching to see who got out.  I saw Mr. Ross get out, talking to some one.  Then I saw Mr. Bloodwood get out; and in a few minutes I saw him raise his gun across the hack, then take it down, and about the instant I heard a gun pop."  The gun which Walter heard "pop" was that of Robert Skelton.  Walter and James then joined in, and Robert continued the fusillade.  That Bloodwood did not shoot there is no reasonable doubt.  That Ross or any other of his party fired a shot is not pretended.  That Bloodwood snapped his gun in an effort to shoot there is some evidence,-enough, we will conclude, to engender a reasonable doubt as to whether he did or not.  But the conclusion that he attempted to shoot at Robert Skelton will not afford any justification or excuse to the Skeltons or the respondent.  They were in no danger from Bloodwood's gun.  If they were in danger, a safe avenue of retreat was open to each of them.  Had there been danger, and had the opportunity of retreat been wanting, they yet could not invoke the doctrine of self-defense, because their danger resulted from their own wrongful and unlawful aggression.  They were there to kill.  It was Ross and Bloodwood, and not they, who were on the defensive.  This conclusion cannot be escaped, even from their own standpoint.  They say they pursued Ross to prevent his going to their sister, and continuing criminal relations with her. How were they to do this?  How could they do it but in the effective way they did do it,-by stopping Ross at once and forever in his tracks?  That they contemplated this means, conceding their purpose was to prevent the coming together of Ross and Miss Skelton, is beyond all question.  It is shown by their conversation at the creek, when they said Ross would fight, and some of them would be killed, if they approached him with reference to Miss Skelton; and they then desisted only because the place and surroundings were not opportune.  It is shown by the disposition they made of themselves around, but concealed from, Ross, at Stevenson, and the instantaneous fire they opened on him as soon as they were in their places of ambush, when, had their purposes been less deadly, had any sort of parley with Ross been desired, either for the purpose of diverting him from their sister, or of ascertaining from him her whereabouts, pacific means to that end were at hand, in the person of William Tally, who had just spoken to Ross, and was then coming directly towards the place of concealment of two of them, one of whom began the onslaught, and in the person of several other men then in and about the depot.  Their purpose was to kill.  Its wickedness was unrelieved by aught of legal justification or excuse.  They did kill, and their act was without any justification, mitigation, or extenuation which the law knows, or courts can allow to be looked to.  It was murder.

 What connection had the respondent with that murder?  Was he, knowing the deadly intent of the Skeltons and their pursuit, bent upon its execution, willfully neglectful of his duty, as a magistrate, in not exercising the power of the law had clothed him with to stay their hands?  Or did he himself participate in the deed, by commanding, directing, counseling, or encouraging the Skeltons to its execution, or by aiding and abetting them in its commission?  The evidence for [p. 727] the prosecution on these issues will be briefly stated:  As has been seen, Judge Tally was the brother-in-law of Robert, James, and Walter Skelton, and of Miss Annie Skelton, the wronged girl.  It may be supposed, therefore, that he shared with the Skeltons-in some decree, at least-the shame and mortification which had come upon them through Ross, and that the grievance against Ross was common to them all.  It was shown that he knew all the facts known to the Skeltons, and came to his knowledge of them soon after they did.  They all lived in the same town, with the intimacy usually incident to their relations.  James Skelton lived with Judge Tally.  On Friday before the Sunday of the homicide, Judge Tally returned to Scottsboro from Ft. Payne, where he had been holding court, by way of Chattanooga, Tenn., and over the Memphis and Charleston Railroad.  On the train was Mr. Gregory, a lawyer of Scottsboro, who engaged Judge Tally in conversation. The latter spoke of some interesting murder cases that he had been trying at Ft. Payne; and, in this connection, Gregory remarked to him that he thought they would have one or more killings in Scottsboro in a very short time.  "The judge [to quote the witness] asked me why, and I told him that Ross had come back, and that the Skelton boys were on the war path, or some such thing.  I don't remember just what it was.  The judge said he guessed not; that he supposed Ross would leave, or would not stay there, or something of that kind; and I told him I supposed so."  On Saturday afternoon, Judge Tally was in consultation with Robert Skelton, the eldest of the brothers, for something like a half hour, in the latter's office.  It is admitted by Judge Tally that this conversation had relation to Ross and Miss Skelton, and the scandal connected with them. Tally stayed at home that night.  James Skelton also slept there. The next morning Tally's 15 year old son went to a livery stable and got a horse, the hire of which was charged to, and subsequently paid by, Judge Tally.  This horse was gotten for the purpose of being ridden, and was ridden, by Walter Skelton, in pursuit of Ross.  One witness testified that quite early on that Sunday morning, before the Skeltons had assembled to go in pursuit of Ross, he saw a man whom he took to be Judge Tally passing a street some distance from Judge Tally's house, going in the direction of John Skelton's but he was by no means sure that the man he saw was Judge Tally.  J. D. Snodgrass, a witness for the state, testified that he saw three of the Skeltons (Robert, John, and James) leaving Scottsboro that Sunday morning.  When he first saw them, John and James were going along a side street, upon which Judge Tally's barn and barn lot were situated; that the two last named had gotten beyond Tally's premises, and were about turning out of this street, which ran north and south, into a street running east and west, and passed in front of Judge Tally's residence.  This residence was the second from the corner at the intersection of these streets. At this time Robert Skelton was on horseback near Tally's barn-lot fence, talking with Tally.  He remained there only a very short time (the witness said probably a minute) after Snodgrass saw them.  Tally was either inside his lot or in the street near his lot, and on foot.  At the end of this short time, Robert rode on, following John and James, turned east on the street mentioned, and passed by Snodgrass' house, which fronted on that street, going in the direction of Stevenson. He then observed that each of them had a gun.  Another witness before this saw Walter Skelton following the Stevenson road on foot. This witness, coming on down this street in front of Judge Tally's house, saw Tally standing at his front gate, looking in the direction Walter Skelton was proceeding.  Tally turned before he reached him, and went into his house. Young Tally carried the horse, which he had gotten from the livery stable, to Walter, on the road.  Another witness passed down this street, after they had all gone towards Stevenson, and he also saw Tally at his gate, looking in that direction.  Tally again turned and went into his house, before this witness reached him.  It was also in evidence that James Skelton left Tally's house that morning before breakfast, went down town, armed and mounted himself, came back to Tally's hitched his horse in front of the house, set his gun against the front gate, went into the dining room to get something to eat before starting, then went out, remounted, and joined Robert and John at the corner where these three were seen by Snodgrass.  The flight of Ross and the pursuit of the Skeltons at once became generally known in the town of Scottsboro, and was well nigh the sole topic of conversation that Sunday morning.  Everybody knew it.  Everybody talked only about it.  Everybody was impressed with the probability of a terrible tragedy to be enacted on the road to Stevenson, or at the latter point.  The respondent was soon abroad.  He went to the depot, where the telegraph office was.  He remained about there most of that morning.  About nine o'clock that morning Dr. Rorex saw him there, and this, in the language of the witness, passed between them:  "I said to Judge Tally that I thought we had better send a hack and a physician to their assistance up the road [referring to the Ross and Skelton parties then on the road to Stevenson]; that these parties might get hurt, and they might need assistance.  Judge Tally replied that his folks or friends could take care of themselves.  I also said to him that I reckoned we ought to send a telegram to Stevenson and have all of them arrested, to which he made no reply.  *** He said that he was waiting to see if anybody [p. 728] sent a telegram-or words to that effect; waiting or watching, to see if anybody sent a telegram."  And he did wait and watch.  He was seen there by Judge Bridges just before the passenger train, going west at 10:17, passed.  He was seen there after it passed.  E. H. Ross, a kinsman of the Ross who had fled, and was being pursued, meeting the telegraph operator, Whitner, at the passenger station, walked with him down to the freight depot, where the telegraph office was.  Judge Tally followed them.  They went into the telegraph office, and so did he.  Ross was sitting at a table, writing a message.  It was addressed to R. C. Ross, Stevenson, Ala.  Its contents were:  "Four men on horseback with guns following.  Look out."  Ross handed it to the operator to be sent.  Tally either saw this message, or in some way accurately divined its contents.  He called for paper, and immediately wrote a message himself.  Judge Bridges was still in the office.  At this juncture, Tally spoke to him, took him into a corner of the room, and, calling him by his given name, said:  "What do you reckon that fellow [the operator] would think if I told him I should put him out of that office before he should send that message?" referring to the message, quoted above, which E. H. Ross had just given the operator.  Judge Bridges replied:  "Judge, I wouldn't do that. That might cause you very serious trouble, and, besides that, might cause the young man to lose his position with the company he is working for."  Judge Tally then remarked:  "I don't want him to send the message he has, and I am going to send this one."  He then showed Judge Bridges a message addressed to William Huddleston, containing these words:  "Do not let the party warned get away." This message was signed by Tally.  The respondet then handed this telegram to the operator, remarking to him, "This message has something to do with that one you just received;" said he wanted it sent, and paid for it.  He then started towards the door, but turned to the operator, and said:  "Just add to that message, 'say nothing."' Tally left the office.  This message was sent just after that of E. H. Ross to R. C. Ross.  The original of it was placed on a file in the office at Scottsboro.  Two days after, a search was made for it, and it could not be found, and has never been found.  The one man in the world most interested in its destruction-the respondent in this case-in the meantime had had an opportunity to abstract it, he having had access to this file, and gone through the messages on it, for the purpose, he said then, and says now, of finding the address of a person to whom he had sent a message some days before.  And on the preliminary examination of the Skeltons before the probate judge of Jackson county, for the murder of Ross, Judge Tally was called and examined as a witness for them, and before a copy of this message was produced by the operator, and hence at a time when Judge Tally was not aware that a copy was in existence, this question was put to him:  "You didn't send any dispatch that morning to Stevenson?"  And his answer was:  "Yes, sir, I sent one, but not about this matter.  It was to a friend about another matter; nothing concerning this case."  And this friend was Mr. Huddleston.  He further testified, on that trial, that he did not know Ed Ross, did not see him going to the telegraph office that morning, and did not know whether Ed Ross was in the telegraph office while he was, on that occasion, or not.  These telegrams of Ed Ross and Tally were sent about 10:25 a. m.  Tally then, his watch to prevent the sending or delivery of a telegram to R. C. Ross being over, went home. Soon after 11 o'clock, the message before referred to came from Stevenson to Scottsboro, addressed to Judge Tally, and signed by Robert Skelton.  It ran: "Ross dead.  None of us hurt."  This was taken to Judge Tally's house, and there delivered to him, and he thereupon went to see Mr. Brown, and had the conversation which we have excluded.

 The foregoing is substantially the case made by the evidence adduced by the state against the respondent, leaving out of view, for the moment, the evidence touching the effect which his message to Huddleston had upon the occurrences at Stevenson.

 Next we undertake a summary of the evidence for the defense. Judge Tally himself, and Robert, James, and Walter Skelton, were among the witnesses examined.  The respondent admitted having a conversation on the train with Mr. Gregory, but he did not recall that Gregory said anything about the Skeltons being on the warpath. He says he knew of the relations between Ross and Miss Skelton soon after the Skeltons were informed of them, and read the letters from him to her soon after they came to their possession; that he and Robert Skelton, at the time the latter showed him the letters, on January 6, 1894, held a consultation as to what was best to be done in the matter.  This is his account of what occurred, and was said, at that time, in Robert Skelton's office:  "I asked Bob Skelton if he had such communications as it was reported he had; letters said to have been written by Mr. Ross to Annie.  I asked him if he would let me see the letters.  He said he would, and got them and showed them to me, and I read them there in his office.  He and his brother David Skelton and myself were the only persons present.  During the time I was reading the letters, we were speaking about the contents, and discussing them, and he told me, after I had read the letters,-possibly during the time I was reading them,-he gave me his ideas as to managing the trouble.  He told me about his plans to get Annie home, and to let Mr. Ross leave, and make the best of it,-let it die out, and make [p. 729] the best of it.  I told him that was decidedly the best thing to do.  It was best for him, and would possibly save the publication generally of the scandal, and might possibly save her mother's life.  Annie's mother was paralyzed and helpless, and I suggested that exposure might possibly cost her her mother's life.  Dave Skelton was sitting by, and observing our conversation, and would occasionally have something to say; and he spoke of doing violence,-spoke of killing him.  I simply turned to him and said:  'Dave, that won't do.  This is the best management.' I desire to say just here that this is the only time that any member of the Skelton family ever said anything, in my hearing, about killing Ross.  Not long after that he left, and I heard no further conversation about any violence."  The respondent gives the following account of the conference he had with Robert Skelton on Saturday afternoon preceding the homicide:  "I think I was on the street, and Bob called me into his office, *** and we engaged in conversation.  I think that the first thing Bob mentioned to me was that he was thinking as to how he should find out where Annie was. He said he had been thinking about trying to get some one to go to Mr. Ross, and induce him, or ask him, to tell us where Annie was.  I suggested to him the propriety of interviewing Mr. Brown about that, and gave him reasons why I suggested Mr. Brown."  These reasons, as given at the time by the witness, he then repeats; and goes on to mention one or two other persons whose availability in getting this information was discussed, and says that after this he left Bob's office, having been there, he supposes, 15 or 20 minutes.  In all this, Judge Tally is corroborated by the evidence of Robert Skelton, and, in respect of their determination to do no violence to Ross, but to get the girl home, and allow him to leave Scottsboro, he is further corroborated by the declaration, proved by Mr. Gregory, in substance, that no violence would be done to Ross, as he would leave Scottsboro.  He denies having passed up the street when the witness Miller says he thought he saw him, at an early hour Sunday morning, and no importance can be attached to the evidence of that witness, because, in the first place, his glance at the man was casual and hasty, and he was himself not at all certain that it was Judge Tally he saw.  In the next place, even on the theory of the prosecution, there was no reasonable occasion for Judge Tally's being at that place at that time, and, finally, the fact is denied on oath by the respondent.  So that testimony may stand out of the case.  In respect of the horse which Judge Tally's son procured at the livery stable, which was charged to and paid for by the respondent, and which Walter Skelton rode in pursuit of Ross, the testimony is that Mrs. Tally, at the instance of Walter Skelton, ordered this horse, and sent her son for it; that she was in the habit of doing this; that it was charged to Judge Tally, as was the custom; and that he, conceiving himself under a moral and legal obligation to do so, because the horse had been supplied to Mrs. Tally, paid the bill, and this, in the usual course, after the point now made on those facts had been suggested to him.  The respondent admits on the stand that he saw and had a few words with Robert Skelton when the Skeltons were leaving Scottsboro Sunday morning, as testified to by Mr. Snodgrass, and this is his account of the interview:  "When I first got up, I went down stairs and stepped out to the front gate just a minute.  The only person I saw was Bob Skelton riding up the street towards the railroad [a street running north and south, and not in the direction of Stevenson].  Bob was crossing the street going northwest [the direction in which John Skelton lived].  I walked back through the hall of my house, and went down into the garden, to the closet, and was there some time; I don't remember how long; some little time, however  After I came out of the closet, and while I was in the garden, I saw Bob and John Skelton riding away, going east, on the street parallel with the railroad [and which ran back of Judge Tally's residence].  I stayed there, and observed them, and saw them after they had passed the barn of Mr. Harris on the corner.  I saw them coming on the street south, passing my barn; along the street that runs in front of my barn.  When I saw them going in that direction, I walked through my barn lot to the fence, and saw them at the corner [the intersection of this south and north street, passing Tally's barn, with the east and west street, upon which his residence fronts].  About that time Jim Skelton joined them.  I didn't notice where he came from.  Then I called to Bob Skelton.  He turned and rode back from where I saw them at the corner, *** and I crossed the fence, and met him near the corner of my barn lot.  He rode up within six or eight or ten feet, and I said to him:  'Bob, where are you going?'  He said to me:  'Going up the road.'  I asked him again:  'Where are you going?'  And he answer:  'Up the road, and I am in a hurry.'  He turned and rode off; went back the way he came when I called to him."  Robert Skelton's testimony agrees with Judge Tally's fully as to this interview, only he added that he said, further, to Tally, that he was in a hurry, and did not want to talk.  And they are both fully corroborated as to the circumstances under which this interview was had, its brevity, and how it was brought about, by Mr. Shelley, a wholly disinterested witness, who saw John and Robert Skelton as they rode along the east and west street back of Judge Tally's premises,-they passed the witness there; saw them turn south on the street in front of Judge Tally's barn; and proceed along that street beyond the point of the interview between [p. 730] Tally and Robert Skelton, then saw the latter riding back to where Tally was, sit there on his horse while the witness could have counted 15 or 20, then turn, rejoin the others, and ride out east.  And there is nothing in this account of this interview which materially conflicts with that given by J. D. Snodgrass.  James Skelton, as has been said, lived at Judge Tally's.  He slept there the night before the homicide, and went thence, as we have seen, in pursuit of Ross. Judge Tally swears he did not see him that morning, except when he joined Robert and John at the corner, about the time of the conversation between Robert and himself.  It is show by the evidence of Mr. Proctor, who slept with James the night before, that the latter arose and left the room quite early that morning.  It was also shown that he was down town at an early hour.  Judge Tally must have arisen after James went down town.  The testimony and all the circumstances concur in showing that when James came back to the house, mounted and armed, and went in to get "a piece of meat and bread," as he expressed it, leaving his gun and horse at or near the front gate, Judge Tally was either in his garden back of his house, or, more probably, in his barnyard, which was back of an adjoining house.  From neither of these positions could he see the horse or gun at the front, or James in the house.  Judge Tally also testifies that he did not see Walter Skelton at all that morning, or know of his son's going for a horse for him until the Skelton party had left Scottsboro.  This is somewhat strange, in view of the facts the Walter Skelton came to his house that morning, talked with Mrs. Tally, and induced her to procure a horse for him to ride in pursuit of Ross, and that young Tally was sent from the house to the livery stable for the horse.  But it reasonably appears from the evidence that all this happened before Judge Tally got up.  It is shown that Mrs. Tally's cook was sick, and that she had to be up early to prepare breakfast, and did get up some time before Judge Tally.  And the other testimony, and the surrounding circumstances, concur in showing that all that occurred at Judge Tally's house, with reference to this horse, occurred in the interval between the times Judge and Mrs. Tally arose.

 The respondent further testifies that he did not see his wife, after she arose that morning, until he returned to the house from the barn lot, where he had the interview with Robert Skelton; that he returned thence to his house, saw his wife, and she then told him of the flight of Ross, which had been communicated to her by Walter Skelton, and of the pursuit of the Skeltons; and that he did not know, and had received no information, before this, that Ross had gone, and that the Skeltons were pursuing him.  At this juncture, it is to be borne in mind, all the Skeltons had left Scottsboro.  And this, with proof of the respondent's good character, is the case of the defense, so far as the first count of the information is concerned.  On the evidence for the state which we here set out, taken in connection with this evidence for the respondent, can it be said that Judge Tally, when he was in the presence of Robert, and in sight of John and James Skelton, that morning, knew of their intention to take the life of Ross, and that they were setting out to presently execute that intention, as is charged in the several specifications under the first count?  We think not.  There is no affirmative evidence, such as declarations and the like, on their part, might have afforded, that they themselves ever entertained the purpose to take life prior to that morning, except in the event Ross failed and refused to leave Scottsboro.  And they might well have entertained such purpose without Tally's knowledge of it.  It might well have been that, intending to kill Ross, the Skeltons would have concealed their design from Tally, on account of his official position, and notwithstanding his family relations with them. Again, there is no positive evidence, if they so intended prior to the day of the homicide, that Tally was ever informed or knew of their intention.  True, it may be said that he knew Ross had to leave there, and, failing in this, the Skeltons would or intended to kill him; but, only knowing this, the fact that Ross had gone, which fact, according to the state's theory, he must have known when the Skeltons left Scottsboro, it would have been but natural for him to have concluded that, as the condition upon which Ross was to live had been met, the conditional purpose to take his life was abandoned.  True it is, also, that he had, in some degree, the same motive to destroy Ross that moved the Skeltons to his destruction, in the sense that he, too, by reason of his marital relations, was a victim of the wrong that Ross had wrought upon them all; but this motive might have impelled the Skeltons to the extreme to which they went in purpose and deed, while he was restained by that respect for law which his profession engenders, and by the environment of his high judicial position, from yielding in intent or action to the deadly impulse the wrong was conducive to.  There is, we repeat, no affirmative evidence that Judge Tally knew, until after the Skeltons had gone, that they intended to take the life of Ross.  There were circumstances proved which, unexplained, might have justified,-indeed, would have justified,- the inference that he did. But explanations have been made which are either affirmatively satisfactory or cast such reasonable doubt on the conclusions to which, without the explanations, the circumstances would have led us, that we do not feel justified in adopting the conclusions.  For instance, the hiring of the horse which Walter rode.  As presented by the state, in all its boldness, that fact was most incriminating.  But when taken in connection [p. 731] with the facts that the horse was to serve an occasion which was born of the flight of Ross, while Tally slept, and was subserved by the procurement of the horse before he arose; that it was charged to him because ordered by his wife, and paid for by him, after the circumstances of the hiring and use of the animal had been used in the public mind to connect him with the tragedy, because, by the course of previous dealing between him and the liveryman, in respect of orders by his wife, he was under both a moral and a legal obligation to pay,-its probative force against him is utterly destroyed.  The presence that morning at his house of Walter Skelton is a circumstance of suspicion, and would be of incrimination, but for the fact, which is shown by other evidence than Tally's, and against which nothing has been offered affording a contrary inference even, that Walter had come and gone before Tally got out of bed, in an upstairs room.  Again, the naked fact that James came there after Tally had arisen, armed and mounted, has of course a natural tendency to show that Tally knew the purpose of such unwonted and warlike preparations on that day, when to ride about the country with guns is such an unusual thing. But according to the testimony, not only of Tally and Robert Skelton, but also of Mr. Shelley, a witness for the defense, and of Mr. Snodgrass, a witness for the state, the respondent was at that time in his barn lot, or next it, in the side street, from which point he could see neither James Skelton in the house, nor his gun standing against the front gate, nor his horse hitched in the street in front of the house and gate.  The presence of Tally, with Robert Skelton, in the street near the former's barn, as the Skeltons were starting on their chase of Ross, standing alone and unqualified, might prove much against him.  But the evidence of himself and Robert Skelton, taken with that of Mr. Shelley, a disinterested witness, satisfies us that that meeting was momentary, and wholly casual.  Skelton had passed Tally, and was proceeding on his journey, when Tally hailed him, and had him come back.  Clearly he had not come that way to see Tally.  It is not pretended that they had met before on that morning, or had any communication after Ross' flight.  Tally's being there is reasonably accounted for without connecting his presence in any way with this Ross matter.  Skelton's passing there was reasonable without any reference to Tally; it was his route to his destination.  They were together about long enough for the words they give to have passed between them.  They were not together long enough, we should say, for such conversation as would naturally have passed had they been discussing the flight and pursuit of Ross, what the Skeltons intended to do, what Tally should do in the meantime at Scottsboro, and the like.  The state's witness Mr. Snodgrass saw them there, and his evidence does not materially conflict with that of Shelley as to the length of time they were together.  We have already stated the conversation they had, as testified to by Tally and Skelton.  Though they are to the last degree interested witnesses, there is nothing before us which would justify our reaching the conclusion, with the necessary conviction of mind, that aught was said, other than the words they have deposed to.  Moreover, it does not appear,-but the contrary does appear, upon all the evidence we have, much of which is not tainted by interest,-that Tally had any information of Ross' flight when he was talking with Robert Skelton.  It is clearly shown that James Skelton did not know it-indeed, it had not transpired-when he left the house. It came first to the knowledge of Walter, and it may well be supposed that he and James, and all of them, made their preparations with all possible expedition, losing no time to hunt up and inform Tally.  Walter and James were at Tally's house after they knew of it, but there is no evidence that Tally saw either of them.  Tally's own and Walter's evidence that they did not see each other, and proof of circumstances, demonstrate that he did not see James until he was riding away.  It is said that Tally must be held to have known the intention of the Skeltons to pursue and kill Ross, from seeing Robert and John mounted and armed.  How could he know this-how are we to be justified in holding that he knew this-when it is clearly shown that he did not know Ross had gone at all?  And, had he known that, how could he justify a conclusion that they were going to pursue and slay him as he left Scottsboro, when, according to all the evidence we have as to Tally's knowledge of their intentions, they all wanted him to leave Scottsboro, and intended he should go in peace.  Again, shall the inference of a murderous intent on Tally's part, or of his knowledge of such intent on the part of the Skeltons, be drawn from the mere fact that he was seen on two occasions talking with his brother-in-law in the latter's office for half an hour?  Obviously not.  Shall the fact that one of those occasions was the day before the killing of Ross lead us to say that Tally knew the Skeltons intended to kill Ross?  Of course not.  And even less, if possible, would such conclusions be justified when we consider that the only evidence of what passed in those conversations was to the effect, whatever else it may have imported, that Ross should not be killed if he did what he was manifestly trying to do when he was killed,-leave Scottsboro.

 Some other minor circumstances, really of no probative force,-such as that Tally was seen at his front gate that morning, once before and once after the Skeltons had gone; that he saw Robert Skelton riding north on a street some distance from him, which fact he brought out himself; and the like,-were put in evidence.  These we will not stop to discuss.  Nor do we deem it [p. 732] necessary to discuss in this connection-with reference to Tally's knowledge of the Skeltons' intent when he had the brief interview with Robert that morning-Judge Tally's conduct after the Skeltons had gone. That conduct is referable to the knowledge he then had-which had been first imparted to him by his wife, and which soon became the common knowledge of the town-that the Skeltons had gone in pursuit of Ross to kill him; and, in our opinion, what he did and said, after that time, will not serve to establish the scienter laid under the first count of the information.  We conclude this part of the case by saying that we do not find that Judge Tally had any knowledge of the intention of the Skeltons to kill Ross before or at the time of their departure in pursuit of him; that, therefore, neither of the three specifications under the first count is proved, and we find him not guilty of the charge of willful neglect of official duty presented by that count.

 The second count of the information charges that "John B. Tally, judge of the ninth judicial circuit of the state of Alabama, unmindful of the duties of his said office, was, before the filing of said report of said grand jury, and while in such office, guilty of an offense involving moral turpitude, to wit, the offense of murder."  There are three specifications under this charge.  The averments, among others, of the first specification, following averments of Ross' flight, the Skeltons' pursuit, and the killing of Ross by them at Stevenson, with malice, etc., are "that said Tally was informed of the intention and purpose of the said Skeltons to unlawfully take the life of the said Ross, and said Tally held communications with said Skeltons touching their said purpose, and said Tally knew of the pursuit of said Ross by the said Skeltons, as aforesaid, and had such knowledge at the time said Skeltons were making ready to set out in pursuit of said Ross, and at the time they did set out in such pursuit."  As we have already indicated, we are not convinced of the truth of these averments, and, as the other matters laid in this specification may be considered as well under the second and third specifications, we will direct our attention solely to them.  The second specification charges that the Skeltons "unlawfully, and with malice aforethought, killed Robert C. Ross by shooting him with a gun," and "that the said John B. Tally, before the said felony and murder was committed, in manner and form aforesaid, on the day aforesaid, and in the county and state aforesaid, did aid or abet the said" Skeltons, naming them, "in the commission of the said felony and murder."  And the third specification charges "that on Sunday, the 4th day of February, 1894, in the county of Jackson, state of Alabama, the said John B. Tally unlawfully, and with malice aforethought, killed Robert C. Ross by shooting him with a gun."  These charges of aiding or abetting murder, and of murder direct, which amount to the same thing under our statute (Code, § 3704), are, upon considerations to which we have already adverted, to be sustained, if at all, by evidence of the respondent's connection with the homicide after the Skeltons had left Scottsboro in pursuit of Ross, since we do not find any incriminating connection up to that point of time.  Being without conviction that Tally knew of the Skeltons' intention to take Ross' life until after they had departed on their errand of death, and there being no evidence or pretense that between this time and the homicide any communication passed between them and Tally, we reach and declare the conclusion that the respondent did not command, direct, counsel, instigate, or encourage the Skeltons to take the life of Ross, and that, in whatever and all that was done by them and him, respectively, there was no understanding, preconcert, or conspiracy between them and him.

 This narrows the issues to three inquiries-two of fact and one of law:  First (a question of fact), did Judge Tally, on Sunday, February 4, 1894, knowing the intention of the Skeltons to take the life of Ross, and after they had gone in pursuit of him, do any act intended to further their design, and aid them in the taking of his life?  If he did, then, second (a question of law), is it essential to his guilt that his act should have contributed to the effectuation of their design-to the death of Ross?  And, if so, third (another inquiry of fact), did his act contribute to the death of Ross?  There can be no reasonable doubt that Judge Tally knew, soon after the Skeltons had departed, that they had gone in pursuit of Ross, and that they intended to take his life.  Within a few minutes, he was informed by his wife that Ross had fled, and that the four Skeltons were pursuing him.  He had seen three of them mounted and heavily armed.  He knew the fourth, even keener on the trail than these, had gone on before.  He knew their grievance.  The fact that they intended to wreak vengeance, in the way they did, upon overtaking Ross, was known to all men in Scottsboro, as soon as the flight and pursuit became known.  It was in the minds and on the tongues of everybody there.  Nothing else was thought or talked of. When Dr. Rorex, voicing the universal apprehension, suggested to him that aid be sent up the road to the dead and wounded, Judge Tally, taking in the full force of the implication that there would be a fight to the death, with the Skeltons as assailants, and not dissenting therefrom at all, said, with the ken of prophecy, as a reason why he would not be a party to the execution of this humane suggestion, that his folks (the  Skeltons) would take care of themselves.  How well they took care of themselves-with what exceeding care they conserved their own safety-is shown by the event, and the manner in which it was produced.  [p. 733] To the other suggestion of Dr. Rorex-resulting from the universal knowledge that, unless something was done, an awful tragedy would be enacted-that "we telegraph to Stevenson, and have them all arrested," and thus prevent the catastrophe, if perchance Ross should reach that point alive, Judge Tally made no direct response; but in the same connection he said, "I am waiting and watching here to see if anybody sends a telegram."  What he meant by this is most clearly demonstrated by his subsequent shadowing and following up Ed Ross, and his conversation with Judge Bridges about putting the operator out of the office before he should send Ed Ross' message of warning to his kinsman, Robert C. Ross.  This was the situation: Ross was in what he supposed to be secret flight from the Skeltons. He was unaware that his early departure had been seen by one of them.  He did not know they were all in full pursuit to take his life. Under these circumstances, the pursuers had every advantage of the pursued.  They could come upon him unawares.  Being on horseback, while he was in a vehicle, coming up to him, they could well get beyond and waylay him. This they actually did.  Having this tremendous advantage, accentuated by the fact that they were in no danger from Ross even if he saw them, unless he was forced to defend himself,-that his effort and intent were to get away, and not to kill,-Judge Tally might well feel satisfied with the posture of affairs; he might well feel assured that his folks would take care of themselves, as they did.  All he wanted was that this situation, which portended the death of Ross and the safety of his folks, should not be changed  He would not agree that it should be changed so as to save Ross' life, even though at the same time the safety of the Skeltons should be assured, as would have been the result had the authorities at Stevenson been fully advised, at the time Dr. Rorex suggested the sending of a telegram there, to arrest all parties.  He was waiting and watching there to see that the situation was not changed by advice to Ross which would or might enable him to escape death at the hands of his folks.  He waited long and watched faithfully, and his patience and vigil were rewarded. He saw Ed Ross going towards the telegraph office.  He at once concluded Ross was going there to warn his kinsman, and give him a chance for his life.  He followed.  His purpose was to stop the message; not to let the warning even start on its journey.  This he proposed to do by overawing the operator, a mere youth, or by brute force.  Judge Bridges dissuaded him from this course, but he adopted another to destroy this one precarious chance of life which was being held out to Robert C. Ross.  It would not do, Bridges advised him, to stop the warning by threatening or overpowering him,-the operator.  The young man was a newcomer, and a stranger there, and a resort to moral suasion with him was therefore unpromising and hazardous.  Not so with the operator at the other end of the line.  He was Judge Tally's friend of long standing.  He, through whose hands Ed Ross' message of warning was intended to pass, could be approached, and to him Tally addressed himself. Saying to Judge Bridges that he (the Scottsboro operator) had a message which he (Tally) did not want sent, and which, under Judge Bridges' advice, Tally had concluded not to stop by threat or force, he adopted another means of stopping it short of the person to whom it was addressed.  He telegraphed his friend (the operator at Stevenson) not to let Ross get away.  His language was, at first written, "Do not let party warned get away."  This he handed to the operator to be sent to Stevenson, saying, "This message has something to do with the one you have," referring to Ed Ross' message.  What then passed through his mind we are left to conjecture; but upon further thought he added to the message these words, "Say nothing."  What was the full import of this completed message, looking at its terms and the circumstances under which it was sent?  One thing is most clear from all circumstances and upon the words themselves and in the light of those circumstances:  The message beyond all question would never have been sent but for the sending of Ed Ross' message.  It was manifestly and confessedly the offspring of a purpose of thwart the efforts of Ed Ross to warn his kinsman of the true situation.  One element of this situation, which gave Judge Tally great satisfaction with it, was Robert Ross' utter ignorance of the danger he was in.  He scouted all suggestions to interfere at all so long as this element of the gravest peril to Ross and of assured safety to the Skeltons existed.  It was to the end that this element of peril to the one and safety to the other party should not be eliminated that he had waited and watched all the morning, to see if anybody attempted to eliminate it by advising the hunted of the oncoming, in deadly purpose, of the hunters, and to prevent by threats or force, or in any other possible way, the sending of a telegram to advise Ross of this important factor in the posture of affairs with which he had to deal on the hazard of his life.  At the last moment the idea of resorting to threats and force was abandoned as unwise.  There was no other way to stop the telegram in the Scottsboro office.  It was therefore to go, and the only other way to prevent its reaching Ross was to have it stopped at the Stevenson office.  Tally, being dissuaded from the former course, adopted the latter. His purpose was the same throughout, but there was a change in the means he had contemplated for its effectuation.  Whitner, the newcomer and stranger, could not be prevented or dissuaded from putting the message on the wire; but Huddleston, the lifelong friend, who was to take it off the wire, and whose duty it was to deliver it to Ross [p. 734] might be commanded or persuaded to omit its delivery,-when he had taken it from the wires, to "say nothing."  And in that event Ross would remain in ignorance of his danger; the situation, which gave Judge Tally so much satisfaction as that he felt assured his folks could take care of themselves, and which he would not consent to interfere with, as suggested by Rorex, in a way to conserve the safety of both the Ross and Skelton parties, would remain unchanged, and Ross would go to his death, as he did, without a single chance to raise his hand in defense of his life.  The telegram to Ross was:  "Four men on horseback with guns following.  Look out." Tally's telegram to Huddleston was:  "Do not let party warned get away.  Say nothing."  "Get away" fromwhat, or from whom?  From whom, indeed, and in all common sense, but from the four men on horseback, following with guns to take his life?  They alone were in pursuit.  They only were following the party warned.  From them alone was Ross fleeing.  From them only, by what he supposed to be secret flight across the country, rather than attempt to board a train guarded by them against him, was he trying to get away.  The law had no claim upon him.  He had committed no offense of which it took cognizance, and no charge of crime had ever been made against him.  Nobody on earth except the four men, the Skeltons, sought to prevent his getting away; and from these Judge Tally, seeing that a chance of escape was about to be afforded him, called upon his friend Huddleston to interpose, destroy that chance, and not to let him get away.  Having formulated his command or request to Huddleston to prevent his getting away, and handed it to Whitner for transmission to Huddleston, the thought must have passed through his mind:  "How is my command or request to be complied with?  How is Huddleston to prevent Ross' getting away?"  He knew there was no ground to arrest Ross.  He knew that Huddleston, although mayor of Stevenson, was utterly without authority or right to stay him for one moment of time.  How, then, was he to proceed?  One obvious means to this end presented itself to the respondent's comprehension as he pondered how the thing he wanted to be done could be accomplished.  That was that Ross should not be advised of the contents of the dispatch of warning.  This would maintain the status quo with which Judge Tally had evinced such complaisance and satisfaction, in which his "folks could take care of themselves," and out of which must result the death of Ross.  And to suggest this effective means to his friend, he makes Whitner, who then had the original message in his possession, add to it the words, "Say nothing."  Say nothing about what? Clearly about the subject-matter of the two dispatches; nothing about the pursuit of the four men on horseback with guns; nothing about the warning to Ross.  Say nothing, so that the situation may remain unchanged.  Say nothing, so that Ross shall continue to be as he is now, without the chance or hope of escape. In other words, and in short, the substance and effect of what Tally said to Huddleston, taking the two dispatches and all the circumstances into the account, was simply this, no more or less: "Ross has fled in the direction of Stevenson.  The four Skeltons are following him on horseback, with guns, to take his life.  Ross does not know of the pursuit.  An effort is being made to get word to Ross through you that he is thus pursued, in order that he may get away from them.  If you do not deliver this word to him, he cannot escape them.  Do not deliver that message.  Say nothing about it, and thereby prevent his getting away from them."  A most careful analysis of the voluminous testimony in this case convinces us beyond a reasonable doubt that this was what Tally intended to convey to Huddleston, and that his message means this, and only this, to all reasonable comprehension.  Other meanings were suggested at the hearing, in argument, and in testimony as to uncommunicated intention which has been excluded, but the suggestions are either entirely unreasonable in themselves or do not at all comport with the attendant circumstances.  For instance, it is said that the language of Tally's telegram shows he contemplated that the message to Ross would be delivered.  He said, "Do not let the party warned get away;" implying, it is argued, that the party referred to had been or would be warned by the delivery of Ed Ross' message This view is entirely too literal and technical.  The form of expression employed was incident to the brevity usual in telegraphic communication, and was manifestly intended merely as an identification of the person who was not to be allowed to get away. Tally did not care to put the name of this person in his message. He knew a message of warning had been sent to Ross.  Ross was the man he did not want to escape; and he referred to him as the party warned in the sense that he was the party to whom the other message had been started.  He meant, and his message meant, that Huddleston should not let the party warned, or intended to be warned,-the party referred to in and by Ed Ross' message,-get away; and not that Huddleston was to look after a party who had actually received the message of warning.  Moreover, he spoke over the wires to Huddleston at the same time Ed Ross' message was sent, and before there was any possible chance for the warning to have been given to R. C. Ross. He knew this.  And it was at that juncture, when nobody had been warned in fact, that he referred to Ross as the party warned, when he could not have been the party warned in other sense than as being the party intended to be warned, and for whom a message of warning had been transmitted [p. 735] from Scottsboro to Stevenson, but not delivered.  And it would seem that he especially intended his command or request should be laid upon Huddleston just at this point, for he was careful to tell Whitner, the operator at Scottsboro, that his message was about the same matter as that of Ed Ross,-the warning of R. C. Ross,-thus impressing upon him the propriety, not to say necessity, of both being sent at the same time.  They both were sent and received at the same time, i. e. in immediate succession; and Tally called upon his friend Huddleston not to let the person referred to in the other get away, and, as we have seen, indicated to him that the way to prevent his escape was to "say nothing" about the other, and indeed either, message. Again, it is suggested that Tally intended by his message to have Huddleston, who was mayor of Steveson, arrest Ross.  There are many elements of improbability, to say the least, about this. In the first place, the word "arrest" is a most common one, and in most universal use.  We cannot conceive of any man, and especially not of a lawyer and a judge, employing any other word-and especially when a resort is had to telegraphic communications-to express the idea which this suggestion imputes to Tally, a lawyer and a judge.  Then, as we have already seen, there was no ground for Ross' arrest.  Not only did Tally know this, but Huddleston also. The cause of Ross' flight and the Skeltons' pursuit was well known, it seems, both in Scottsboro and Stevenson, and to even the most unlearned comprehension the circumstances involved Ross in no liability to arrest.  It is said that Tally wanted Ross arrested because he feared that after getting the warning he would lie in wait and kill the Skeltons as they came into Stevenson.  This idea is most far-fetched in view of Ross' attitude throughout of being purely on the defensive, and not standing even upon that, but flying from the Skeltons, his whole purpose being to escape from them, and not to kill them.  The message itself utterly excludes the possibility of any such interpretation and the existence of any such fear or intention in the mind of Judge Tally.  The fear deposed to is that Ross would entrench himself at Stevenson, and kill the Skeltons as they came.  The apprehension clearly evinced by the message was that, if he got the warning, he would get away, and not that he would tarry and fight.  If he got away, the Skeltons were in no danger.  But Huddleston was besought, not to prevent his waiting for and killing the Skeltons, nor to do anything in that line at all, but to prevent his getting away from the Skeltons, as everybody knew he was endeavoring to do.  Again, it surpasses understanding how Huddleston was to arrest Ross, if he obeyed the final injunction of Judge Tally to "say nothing;" and that the idea of having Ross arrested was not in Tally's mind further appears from the fact that he would not agree to that being done when it was suggested by Dr. Rorex earlier in the day.  Specially in respect of the words "say nothing" in Tally's message explanatory suggestions were made by him on the stand.  As a reason for them, he first said he hoped by their use to keep the scandal secret.  As there was nothing in either of the dispatches referring to the scandal, the force of this reasoning is not readily felt.  But, more than this, everybody in Scottsboro and Stevenson knew already a great deal more about the scandal than could possibly have gotten to them through Huddleston saying all he could about those dispatches.  Everybody knew it, and Judge Tally must have been fully aware of this general knowledge. Seeming to appreciate the impotency of this suggestion, which, however, was at first advanced with every appearance of being intended to cover and account for the whole matter, Judge Tally offered another.  It was that he meant by using the words "say nothing" to keep Huddleston from disclosing his connection with the message.  Why he should have laid such an injunction upon his friend Huddleston, and not upon Judge Bridges, to whom he showed the message without these words, nor upon an entire stranger, young Whitner, at Scottsboro, is much more than we can understand.  It also surpasses comprehension that he could have expected Huddleston to arrest Ross without saying to him or anybody else a word about the telegram on or because of which the arrest was made.  There is nothing in all this.  That Tally's message will bear the construction we have put on it, and no other, we have no doubt at all, on the considerations we have advanced; and our view of its meaning and intent is strengthened by the respondent's self-consciousness of its bad purpose and intent, which is shown by the facts, which the evidence leaves us no room to doubt, that he surreptitiously abstracted the original message from the files in the telegraph office, and swore, on the preliminary examination of the Skeltons, that he sent a telegram to Stevenson that morning, "but not about this matter.  It was to a friend about another matter,-nothing concerning this case;" and his further testimony on that trial going to show that he did not know Ed Ross, did not follow him to the telegraph office, and did not know whether he was in the office while he (Tally) was there or not.  We therefore find and hold that John B. Tally, with full knowledge that the Skeltons were in pursuit of Ross with the intent to take his life, committed acts, namely, kept watch at Scottsboro to prevent warning of danger being sent to Ross, and, with like purpose, sent the message to Huddleston, which were calculated to aid, and were committed by him with the intent to aid, the said Skeltons to take the life of Ross under the circumstances which rendered them guilty of murder.

 [p. 736] And we are next to consider and determine the second inquiry above, namely:  Whether it is essential to the guilt of Judge Tally, as charged in the second count of the information, that the said acts, thus adapted, intended and committed by him, should, in fact, have aided the said Skeltons to take the life of the said Ross,-should have, in fact, contributed to his death at their hands.  As the life of Ross was not taken by the hands of Tally, the criminal consequences of the homicide could only have been visited upon him at the common law, if at all, as a principal in the second degree, or as an accessory before the fact.  He could not have been charged, as he is in this information, directly with the crime of murder as a principal in the first degree.  Our statute has abolished the common law distinctions between accessories before the fact and principals, and between principals, in the first and second degrees in cases of felony, and provided that "all persons concerned in the commission of a felony, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid or abet in its commission, though not present, must hereafter be indicted, tried and punished as principals, as in the case of misdemeanors."  Code, § 3704.  And, though the respondent here is proceeded against by virtue of this statute as a principal in the first degree, the evidence, it being confessed that he did not personally, or in such other way as to make him a principal in the first degree at common law, take the life of Ross, must present him in the light either of an accessory before the fact or as a principal in the second degree, as those distinctions obtained before the enactment of the statute to which we have adverted, or he cannot be convicted. We have already stated our conclusion, and the considerations which led us to it, that Judge Tally did not command, direct, incite, counsel, or encourage the Skeltons to the murder of Ross.  We have failed to find, and have so stated, that he knew of their felonious purpose before their departure from Scottsboro in pursuit of Ross.  Up to that time there was no instigation or incitement by him to the commission of the crime by them until after the death of Ross, and hence, pending the pursuit, he could not have encouraged or instigated them to kill Ross.  Judge Tally was therefore not, on the view we take of the evidence, an accessory before the fact to the killing of Ross.  To be guilty of murder, therefore, not being a common-law principal, and not being an accessory before the fact,-to be concerned in the commission of the offense within the meaning of our statute,-he must be found to have aided or abetted the Skeltons in the commission of the offense in such sort as to constitute him at common law a principal in the second degree.  A principal in this decree is one who is present at the commission of a felony by the hand of the principal in the first degree, and who, being thus present, aids or abets, or aids and abets, the latter therein.  The presence which this definition requires need not be actual, physical juxtaposition in respect of the personal perpetrator of the crime. It is enough, so far as presence is concerned, for the principal in the second degree to be in a position to aid the commission of the crime by others.  It is enough if he stands guard while the act is being perpetrated by others to prevent interference with them, or to warn them of the approach of danger; and it is immaterial how distant from the scene of the crime his vigil is maintained, provided it gives some promise of protection to those engaged in its active commission.  At whatever distance he may be, he is present in legal contemplation if he is at the time performing any act in furtherance of the crime, or is in a position to give information to the principal which would be helpful to the end in view, or to prevent others from doing any act, by way of warning the intended victim or otherwise, which would be but an obstacle in the way of the consummation of the crime, or render its accomplishment more difficult.  This is well illustrated by the case of State v. Hamilton, 13 Nev. 386, in which a plan was arranged between Laurie and others to rob the treasure of Wells, Fargo & Co. on the road between Eureka and some point in Nye county.  Laurie was to ascertain when the treasure left Eureka, and signal his confederates by building a fire on the top of a mountain in Eureka county, which could be seen by them in Nye county, 30 or 40 miles distant. This signal was given by him, and his confederates, advised by it, met the stage, attacked and attempted to rob it, and in the attempt killed one of the guards.  Laurie was indicted with the rest for murder, and put on his trial in Nye county, and made the point that, inasmuch as a statute of Nevada required that an accessory before or after the fact should be tried in the county where his offense was committed, he could not be held under the pending indictment or tried in the county of Nye, where the robbery was attempted and the murder committed.  But the supreme court of that state held that, if he was an accessory before the fact, he was also, in legal contemplation, present and aiding and abetting at the fact, and was therefore a principal in the second degree, and indictable, triable, and punishable in Nye county as principal in the first degree, under a statute like section 3704 of our Code.  He was constructively present though 30 or 40 miles away, and he was guilty as a principal in the second degree in that from and across this distance he aided and abetted his confederates by the beacon lights which he set upon a hill.  It was as if he had been endowed with a voice to compass the intervening space, and to advise his accomplices of the approach of the treasure, or as if his words had been transmitted over a telephone or a telegraph line to the ears of his distant [p. 737] confederates.  This treasure stage was proceeding on its way without notice to those in charge of it of the impending onslaught upon it.  If it had been apprehended by Laurie and his confederates that the people of Eureka-those interested in the treasure, and in the lives of the guards who went with it-would, after its departure, become aware of the situation, and dispatch a courier to overtake the stage, and warn its occupants, and Laurie had remained there to give warning by signal lights or telegram of the departure of this courier, so that he might be intercepted, and his message stopped, and the stage set upon unawares, and all this had been done, it cannot for a moment be doubted that on these facts, also, Laurie would have been present at the scene of the attempted robbery in legal sense, and been guilty thereof as a principal in the second degree, though he was all the while much further away in point of physical fact than the distance between Scottsboro and Stevenson; and this upon the principle, as stated by the Nevada court, that "where several persons confederate together for the purpose of committing a crime, which is to be accomplished in pursuance of a common plan, all who do any act which contributes to the accomplishment of their design are principals, whether actually present at its commission or not.  They are deemed to be constructively present, though in fact they may be absent."  1 Bish. Cr. Law, § 650; 1 Chit. Cr. Law, p. 256; 1 Whart. Cr. Law. § 206 et seq.; Rosc. Cr. Ev. pp. 178, 179; Raiford v. State, 59 Ala. 106; Griffith v. State, 90 Ala. 583, 8 South. 812.

 So far, therefore, as presence goes, Judge Tally, on guard at Scottsboro, to prevent warning being sent to Ross, or intercepting, or attempting to intercept, messages of warning which had started on their flight, was in legal contemplation present at Stevenson,-the scene of the homicide,-standing over Huddleston, to stay him in the performance of his duty of delivering warnings to Ross.  He was constructively there, and hence, for all practical legal purposes, actually there.  Being thus present, did he aid or abet the killing of Ross?  What is meant by these terms, and what has one to do to bring himself within them?  It is said in the Raiford Case, supra, that "the words 'aid' and 'abet' are pretty much the synonyms of each other;" and this has doubtless come to be true in the law, though originally a different meaning attached to each.  The legal definition of "aid" is not different from its meaning in common parlance.  It means "to assist," "to supplement the efforts of another."  Rap. & L. Law Dict. p. 43.  "Abet" is a French word, compounded of the two words "a" and "beter,"-"to bait or excite an animal;" and Rapalje and Lawrence thus define it:  "To abet is to incite or encourage a person to commit a crime.  An abettor is a person who, being present or in the neighborhood, incites another to commit a crime, and thus becomes a principal in the offense."  Id. p. 4.  By the amalgamation of the two words in the meaning,- by making synonyms of them,-it may be said that to abet has come to mean to aid by presence, actual or constructive, and incitement, and that to aid means not only actual assistance, the supplementing of another's efforts, but also presence for the purposes of such actual assistance as the circumstances may demand or admit of, and the incitement and encouragement which the fact of such presence for such purposes naturally imports and implies.  So we have this definition of the two terms by the late Chief Justice Stone:  "The words 'aid' and 'abet,' in legal phrase, are pretty much the synonyms of each other.  They comprehend all assistance rendered by acts or words of encouragement or support or presence, actual or constructive, to render assistance should it become necessary.  No particular acts are necessary.  If encouragement be given to commit the felony, or if, giving due weight to all the testimony, the jury are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was present with a view to render aid should it become necessary, then that ingredient of the offense is made out."  Raiford v. State, 59 Ala. 106.  This definition was sufficent for the case then in hand, and it is in the form not infrequently found in the books.  But it is incomplete.  Mere presence for the purpose of rendering aid obviously is not aid, in the substantive sense of assistance by an act supplementary to the act of the principal; nor is it aid in the original sense of abetting, nor abetting in any sense, unless presence with the purpose of giving aid, if necessary, was preconcerted, or in accordance with the general plan conceived by the principal and the person charged as an aider or abettor, or, at the very least, unless the principal knew of the presence, with intent to aid, of such person; for manifestly, in such case, there being no actual, substantive assistance, and no encouragement by words, the only aid possible would be the incitement and encouragement of the fact that another was present for the purpose of assistance, and with the intent to assist if necessary; and, in the nature of things, the fact of presence and purpose to aid could not incite or encourage or embolden the principal unless he knew of the existence of that fact.  That kind of aid operates solely upon the mentality of the actual perpetrator.  When rendered at all, it is by way fo assurance to his mind in the undertaking he is upon, and it nerves him to the deed, and helps him execute it through a consciousness-a purely mental condition-that another is standing by in a position to help him, if help becomes necessary, who will come to his aid if aid is needed.  And that there could be this consciousness without any knowledge of the fact of such other's presence and purpose [p. 738] cannot be conceived.  That one may be encouraged or incited to an act by a consideration of which he is wholly oblivious, and which has never addressed itself to his mind, is far beyond the limit of finite comprehension. The definition we have quoted is, as an abstract proposition, clearly at fault.  As applied in the concrete to cases of confederacy, as it is, we undertake to say, whenever it is stated in this form, it is free from objection; but in the absence of confederacy, or, at least, of knowledge on the part of the actual perpetrator of a crime, one cannot be a principal in the second degree who is present intending to aid, and does not aid by word or deed.  The definition must go further.  It should appear by it that, to be an aider or abettor when no assistance is given or word uttered, the person so charged must have been present by preconcert, special or general, or at least to the knowledge of the principal, with the intent to aid him.  This view is very clearly stated by Mr. Wharton.  He says:  "It is not necessary, therefore, to prove that the party actually aided in the commission of the offense.  If he watched for his companions in order to prevent surprise, or remained at a convenient distance in order to favor their escape, if necessary, or was in such a situation as to be able readily to come to their assistance, the knowledge of which was calculated to give additional confidence to his companions, in contemplation of law he was aiding and abetting."  1 Whart. Cr. Law, § 210.  And the same idea is thus expressed by Mr. Stephens in his Summary of Criminal Law:  "The aiding and abetting must involve some participation. Mere presence without participation will not suffice if no act whatever is done in concert, and no confidence intentionally imparted by such presence to the perpetrators."  See Connaughty v. State, 1 Wis. 159.  And Mr. Bishop says: "A principal in the second degree is one who is present lending his countenance and encouragement, or otherwise aiding, while another does the act."  Bish. Cr. Law, 648.  And Mr. Wharton further says:  "Something must be shown in the conduct of the bystander which indicates [to the perpetrator, manifestly] a design to encourage, incite, or in some manner afford aid or consent to the particular act, though when the bystander is a friend of the perpetrator, and knows that his presence will be regarded by the perpetrator as an encouragement and protection, presence alone will be regarded as an encouragement.  *** The confederacy must be real.  *** Mere consent to a crime, when no aid is given and no encouragement rendered, does not amount to participation."  1 Whart. Cr. Law, §§ 211a, 211c, 211d.  And to like effect are the following authorities: People v. Woodward, 45 Cal. 293; White v. People, 81 Ill. 333; Cooper v. Johnson, 81 Mo. 483; Noftsinger v. State, 7 Tex. App. 301; True v. Com. (Ky.) 14 S. W. 684; 1 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, p. 62; Whart. Cr. Ev. 440.  Our own cases fully support these views. Thus, in Wicks v. State, 44 Ala. 398, with reference to section 3704 of the Code, it is said:  "The testimony must show an actual participation in the commission of the offense, else the party charged cannot be convicted under this statute."  And in Cabbell v. State, 46 Ala. 195, a mob had overpowered an officer, and taken his prisoner into a house, where they were assaulting him with intent to murder.  The defendant, coming upon the scene at this juncture, and being informed that the mob was trying to kill the prisoner on account of the offense for which he had been arrested, said:  "That is right; kill him.  God damn him."  The question was whether on this evidence the defendant was an aider and abettor in the assault made by the mob, and upon this the court said:  "It is not pretended that the defendant committed the assault, it was the act of the mob; nor was it seriously contended that he was in fact a member of that unlawful assembly. Consequently, the words uttered by him cannot be held to have encouraged or aided the persons by whom the assault was committed, unless addressed to or at least heard by them or some of them."  Here Cabbell had the guilty intent.  He wanted the prisoner killed; and he did an act calculated to contribute to the execution of that intent.  He uttered words of encouragement and incitement. But he was adjudged to be not guilty, because what he did, though with criminal intent, and calculated to accomplish or aid in the accomplishment of a criminal result, did not in point of fact contribute to that result.  And this proposition is directly supported by Raiford v. State, supra, when the elliptical definition of "aid" and "abet" is rounded out, as we have shown it must be, and also in a general way by Frank v. State, 27 Ala. 37; Tidwell v. State, 70 Ala. 33; Jordan v. State,  79 Ala. 9, 13; and Griffith v. State, 90 Ala. 583, 8 South. 812.

 We are therefore clear to the conclusion that, before Judge Tally can be found guilty of aiding and abbetting the Skeltons to kill Ross, it must appear that his vigil at Scottsboro to prevent Ross from being warned of his danger was by preconcert with them, or at least known to them, whereby they would naturally be incited, encouraged, and emboldened-"given confidence"-to the deed, or that he aided them to kill Ross, contributed to Ross' death, in point of physical fact, by means of the telegram he sent to Huddleston.  The assistance given, however, need not contribute to the criminal result in the sense that but for it the result would not have ensued.  It is quite sufficient if it facilitated a result that would have transpired without it.  It is quite enough if the aid merely rendered it easier for the principal actor to accomplish the end intended by him and the aider and abettor, though in all [p. 739] human probability the end would have been attained without it. If the aid in homicide can be shown to have put the deceased at a disadvantage, to have deprived him of a single chance of life which but for it he would have had, he who furnishes such aid is guilty, though it cannot be known or shown that the dead man, in the absence thereof, would have availed himself of that chance; as, where one counsels murder, he is guilty as an accessory before the fact, though it appears to be probable that murder would have been done without his counsel; and as, where one being present by concert to aid if necessary is guilty as a principal in the second degree, though, had he been absent murder would have been committed, so, where he who facilitates murder even by so much as destroying a single chance of life the assailed might otherwise have had, he thereby supplements the efforts of the perpetrator, and he is guilty as principal in the second degree at common law, and is principal in the first degree under our statute, notwithstanding it may be found that in all human probability the chance would not have been availed of, and death would have resulted anyway.

 We have already said enough to indicate the grounds of the conclusion which we now announce that Tally's standing guard at the telegraph office in Scottsboro to prevent Ross being warned of the pursuit of the Skeltons was not by preconcert with them, and was not known to them.  It is even clear and more certain that they knew neither of the occasion nor the fact of the sending of the message by him to Huddleston; and hence they were not, and could not have been, aided in the execution of their purpose to kill by the keeping of this vigil, or by the mere fact of the forwarding of the message to Stevenson, since these facts in and of themselves could not have given them any actual, substantial help, as distinguished from incitement and encouragement, and they could not have aided them by way of incitement and encouragement, because they were ignorant of them; and so we are come to a consideration of the effect, if any, produced upon the situation at Stevenson by the message of Judge Tally to Huddleston.  Its effect upon the situation could only have been through Huddleston, and upon his action in respect of the delivery to Ross of the message of warning sent by Ed Ross.  This latter message reached Huddleston for Ross, we suppose, about five minutes-certainly not more than ten minutes-before Ross arrived at Stevenson.  Immediately upon the heels of it, substantially at the same time, Tally's message to Huddleston was received by the latter.  Ed Ross' message imported extreme urgency in its delivery, and Tally's to Huddleston, though by no means so intended, emphasized the necessity and importance, from the standpoint of duty, for the earliest possible delivery of Ed Ross' message to Robert C. Ross; and it was the manifest duty of Huddleston to deliver it at the earliest practicable moment of time.  Scott & J. Tel. § 188. Huddleston appears to have appreciated the urgency of the case, and at first to have intended doing his duty.  Upon receiving the two messages, he went at once without waiting, to copy them, to the Stevenson Hotel, which is located very near the telegraph office, in quest of Ross, upon the idea that he might have already arrived.  We are to presume a purpose to do what duty enjoins until the contrary appears; and we therefore shall assume that Huddleston intended to deliver the message to Ross, or to inform him of its contents, had he been in the hotel.  Not finding him there (for he had not yet reached Stevenson), Huddleston returned to the door of the depot, upstairs, in which was the telegraph office.  By this time the command which Judge Tally had laid upon him had overmastered his sense of duty, and diverted him from his purpose to deliver Ed Ross' message to Robert.  Standing there at the door, he saw a hack approaching from the direction of Scottsboro.  He said then that he supposed Ross was in that hack.  We do not think it was incumbent upon him, inasmuch as the hack was being driven directly to the depot, to go down the road to meet it, though the situation was then more urgent than was indicated by the telegrams, in that the Skeltons were at that time skulking on the flanks of, and immediately behind, the hack; but there is no evidence that Huddleston knew this.  But we do not doubt that it was Huddleston's duty to go out to the road along which the hack was being driven, at a point opposite his own position at the depot, and near to it, and there and then have delivered the message or made known its contents to Ross.  The only explanation he offers for not then delivering the message or making known its contents to Ross was not that he could not have done it (that was entirely practicable), but that he had not taken a copy of it,-a consideration which did not prevent his going to the hotel for the purpose of delivery before he saw Ross appearing, and which, had his original purpose continued, we cannot believe would have swerved him from his plain duty at this juncture.  Presuming that he would have done this, because it was his duty to do it,-a duty which he at first appreciated,-and finding, as a fact, that he did not do it, the reason for his default is found in the injunction laid upon him by Judge Tally.  He did not warn Ross, because he did not want Ross to get away, and this because Judge Tally had asked him not to let Ross get away; so that, as he stood there at the door, he mapped out a course of action.  He would not deliver the message immediately, if at all, but he would send off for the town marshal, and in the meantime he would call William Tally from over the way, and confer with him as to what should be done; [p. 740] Ross to be the while wholly unadvised of the contents of the message from his kinsman, and wholly ignorant of the pursuit of the Skeltons. So he sends a man in search of the marshal, whose whereabouts, and, of consequence, the time necessary to find and bring whom to the station, were unknown; beckons to William Tally to come to him; then turns and goes upstairs into the telegraph office.  He says he went up there to copy Ross' message for delivery to him.  If this be true, this was only another factor, so we have seen, in the delay that Judge Tally's message had determined him upon, for while, at first, he was anxious to deliver the message or its contents uncopied to Ross, when he thought Ross might be at the hotel, and went there to find him for that purpose, when Ross was actually in sight of him, and rapidly approaching him, he deemed it most important to copy the message before advising Ross.  It was also into this upstairs office that he invited William Tally, and we cannot escape the conclusion that his purpose in going there before delivering the message was to have a consultation with William Tally as to what should be done before advising Ross, and also to give the marshal time to arrive; so that, should they conclude to adopt that course, they could have Ross arrested; and it cannot, we think, be doubted that he then had no purpose whatever of apprising Ross of the contents of the message, if ever, until he had had this conference with the brother of the man who had asked him not to deliver it at all.  That this delay was to conserve such ulterior purpose as might be born of this conference, was wholly unwarranted, and was caused by the telegram of Judge Tally to Huddleston, we believe beyond a reasonable doubt.

 It remains to be determined whether the unwarranted delay in the delivery of the message to Ross, or in advising him of its contents, thus caused by Judge Tally, with intent thereby to aid the Skeltons to kill Ross, did, in fact, aid them or contribute to the death of Ross, by making it easier than it would otherwise have been for the Skeltons to kill him, by depriving him of some advantage he would have had had he been advised of its contents when his carriage stopped, or immediately upon his alighting from it, or by leaving him without some chance of life which would have been his had Huddleston done his duty.  The telegram, we have said, should have been delivered, or its contents made known, to Ross at the time the hack came opposite where Huddleston was and stopped.  Huddleston and William Tally were equidistant from this point when the former called to the latter, at which time also Huddleston had seen the hack approaching this point.  Tally, going to Huddleston, reached this middle point between them, unhastened, as Huddleston should have been, by the urgency of the message, just as the carriage got there and stopped.  It is therefore clear that had Huddleston, instead of calling Tally and going into the depot, himself gone out to the road along which the carriage was approaching, and which was not more than 100 feet from him, he would have gotten there certainly by the time it stopped, and have acquainted Ross with the contents of the message, with the fact that four men were pursuing him with guns to take his life, before Ross alighted from the hack. Being thus advised, and not knowing of the immediate proximity of the Skeltons, it may be that Ross would have alighted as he did, exposed himself to the Skeltons' fire as he did, and been killed as he was.  But, on the other hand, the Skeltons were at that time dismounted, and, two of them at least, a long way from their horses, and none of them were in his front up the road, and he had a chance of escape by continued flight in the vehicle.  Again, he might then and there have put himself under the protection of Huddleston, as an officer of the law, and had the bystanders, those in the immediate neighborhood, of whom there were several, summoned to help protect him.  This might have saved his life; it was a chance that he had. But, if it be conceded that, as he would not have known of the proximity of the Skeltons from mere knowledge that they were in pursuit, he would have alighted precisely as and when he did; yet, when the first shot was fired, Ross would have known that the man who fire it was one of the Skeltons, and that three others of them were present in ambush, armed with guns, to take his life.  Knowing this, the hopelessness of standing his ground and attempting to defend himself from his enemies, overpowering in number, and secure in their hiding places, while he stood in the open street, would have been at once manifest to him; and, instead of standing there as he did, knowing only as he did that some one man, whom he did not know, had fired a gun, and peering and craning his neck to see whence the shot came, and who fired it, he could, and doubtless would, have sought safety by flight in the opposite direction, in which was the Union Hotel, scarce 100 feet away.  And, in view of the fact that he was hit only once by the numerous shots that were fired at him while he stood there in the open, and that not in a vital or disabling part, it is very probable that, had he attempted that mode of escape as soon as the first shot was fired, he would have reached the hotel in perfect safety.  Certain it is that in making that effort he would have gone away from the lurking places of his enemies, and he would not, as he did in his ignorance of the true situation, have placed himself where John Skelton, at close quarter, could and did shoot him to death from behind his back.  But whether he would or would not have reached a place of refuge we need not inquire or find. The knowledge that he would have had if the telegram of Ed Ross had been delivered [p. 741] to him, when it could and should have been delivered, of the pursuit of the Skeltons, together with the knowledge which would have been imparted to him by the report of the first gun in connection with the contents of the message, would instantly have advised him of the extent of his danger,-a danger which he could not combat, which was deadly in character, and from which he would naturally have been at once impressed the only hope of escape lay in immediate flight. That was a chance for his life that this knowledge would have given him.  That was a chance of which the withholding of this knowledge deprived him.  Tally's telegram to Huddleston deprived him of that knowledge. Tally, through Huddleston, deprived him of that chance. Again, after having been shot in the legs, and partially disabled, by one of the many shots fired at him by Robert, James, and Walter Skelton as he stood fully exposed to their broadside, he, in his then crippled condition, made an effort to find protection behind the oil house, the nearest building to him.  Only these three men had fired up to that time.  He knew of the presence of these three only. The house sheltered him from two of these men and partially also from the third.  He got there, and stood facing the direction these three were; and he called aloud for protection from them, meantime keeping a lookout for them, and intending no doubt to protect himself from them if he could.  He knew of the presence of these three only.  Nobody had seen John Skelton.  He did not know that John Skelton was there.  Had he gotten Ed Ross' telegram, this he would have known:  that there were four of them; that only three had shot at him; that the other was somewhere hidden in the immediate vicinity.  And, while seeking to escape from or guard himself from the other three while he was by the side of the oil house, he would also have sought to guard himself against the fourth.  He was off his guard as to this fourth man, John Skelton, because he was ignorant of his presence.  This ignorance was directly due to Tally's active interference.  Tally's aid to the Skeltons by way of preventing Ross being warned enabled John Skelton to come upon Ross from his rear, and shoot him down.  Ross went to his death, guarding himself against the other three, and calling for protection from them, without even knowing that the man who killed him was nearer to him than Scottsboro.  Can it be doubted that Ross' utter ignorance of John Skelton's presence with the others at Stevenson made it easier for John Skelton to take his life?  Can it be doubted that his ignorance of the presence of all four Skeltons when the first gun was fired by Robert Skelton at Bloodwood, when, had he known it, he could have fled in the appreciable time between the time of the firing of the first and other shots,- the next one being fired by the same man,-made it easier for them to take his life?  Can it be doubted in any case that murder by lying in wait is facilitated by the unconsciousness of the victim?  Or in any case that the chances of the intended victim would be improved, and his death rendered more difficult of accomplishment, if the first unfruitful shot apprises him of the number and the identity of his assailants, and the full scope and measure of their motive and purposes?  We cannot believe otherwise.  It is inconceivable to us after the maturest consideration, reflection, and discussion, but that Ross' predicament was rendered infinitely more desperate, his escape more difficult, and his death of much more easy and certain accomplishment by the withholding from him of the message of Ed Ross.  This withholding was the work of Judge Tally.  An intent to aid the Skeltons to take the life of Ross actuated him to it.  The intent was effectuated.  They thereby were enabled to take him unawares, and to send him to his death without, we doubt not, his ever actually knowing who sought his life, or being able to raise a hand in defense, or to take an advised step in retreat.  And we are impelled to find that John B. Tally aided and abetted the murder of Robert C. Ross, as alleged in the second specification of the second count of the information, and to adjudge that he is guilty as charged in that specification, and guilty of murder as charged in said second count; and judgment deposing him from office will be entered on the records of this court.

 No consideration or conclusion of fact in this opinion must be allowed to exert any influence upon the trials of the Skeltons and Judge Tally on the indictments for murder now pending against them.

 BRICKELL, C. J., not sitting.

 HEAD, J. (dissenting).

 I am of the opinion the respondent should be acquitted of both charges.  I do not believe, beyond a reasonable doubt, that respondent intended, in sending the telegram to Huddleston, to aid or abet in the murder of Ross.  I do not believe, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the telegram of warning would have been delivered to Ross by Huddleston before the shooting began if the telegram of the respondent had not been sent.