LaVoie, People v., 155 Colo. 551,  395 P.2d 1001 (1964)

Kemp, State v., 126 Conn. 60 (1939)

Long v. State, 44 Del. 262,  65 A.2d 489 (1949)

Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
Watson v. United States, 501 A.2d 791 (D.C. Ct. App. 1985)

Gains v. State, 417 So.2d 719 (D. Ct. App. Fla. 1982)
Johnson v. State, 602 So.2d 1288 (Fla. 1992)

B.C. et al., Minors, In re, 176 Ill. 2d 536 (1997)
Grant, People v., 46 Ill.App.3d 125,  360 N.E.2d 809,  4 Ill.Dec. 696 (1977)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)
Morales, City of Chicago v., 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)
Unger, People v., 66 Ill.2d 333,  362 N.E.2d 319,  5 Ill.Dec. 848 (1977)
Walker, People v., 55 Ill.App.2d 292,  204 N.E.2d 594 (1965)

Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 Ind. 141 (1932)

Wingate, State v. , 668 So. 2d 1324 (La. Ct. App. 1996)

Rusk, State v., 289 Md. 230,  424 A.2d 720 (Ct. App. 1981)
Williams v. State, 101 Md. App. 408 (1994)

Leno, Commonwealth v., 415 Mass. 835 (1993)
Mash, Commonwealth v., 48 Mass. (7 Metc.) 472 (1844)
Peaslee, Commonwealth v., 177 Mass. 267 (1901)
Pierce, Commonwealth v., 138 Mass. 165 (1884)
Rhoades, Com. v., 379 Mass. 810,  401 N.E.2d 342 (1980)
Slaney, Commonwealth v. , 345 Mass. 135 (1962)
Twitchell, Com. v., 416 Mass. 114,  617 N.E.2d 609 (1993)
Welansky, Com. v., 316 Mass. 383,  55 N.E.2d 902 (1944)

Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)

Rowland v. State, 35 So. 826, 83 Miss. 483 (1904)
Sinclair v. State, 161 Miss. 142, 132 So. 581 (1931)

George, State v., 937 S.W.2d 251 (Mo. App. 1996)
Frazier, State v., 339 Mo. 966,  98 S.W.2d 707 (1936)
St. Clair, State v., 262 S.W.2d 25 (Mo. 1953)

Stewart v. State, 85 Nev. 388 (1969)

Abdelnoor, State v., 273 N.J. Super. 321, 641 A.2d 1102 (1994)
Breakiron, State v., 108 N.J. 591, 532 A.2d 199 (1987)
Cameron, State v., 104 N.J. 42, 514 A.2d 1302 (1986)
Clarke, State v., 198 N.J. Super. 219, 486 A.2d 935 (1985)
Cole, State v., 120 N.J. 321, 576 A.2d 84 (1990)
Crawley, State v., 90 N.J. 241, 447 A.2d 565 (1982)
Fogarty, State v., 128 N.J. 59, 607 A.2d 624 (1992)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385, 448 A.2d 1037 (1982)
Kelly, State v., 97 N.J. 178, 478 A.2d 364 (1984)
Maik, State v., 60 N.J. 203,  287 A.2d 715 (1972)
Medina, State v., 201 N.J. Super, 565, 493 A.2d 623 (1985)
Michalek, State v., 207 N.J. Super. 340, 504 A.2d 155 (1985)
Molnar, State v., 81 N.J. 475, 410 A.2d 37 (1980)
Robinson, State v., 136 N.J. 476, 643 A.2d 591 (1994)
Rockholt, State v., 186 N.J. Super. 539, 453 A.2d 258 (1982)
Sette, State v., 259 N.J. Super. 156, 611 A.2d 1129 (1992)
Stasio, State v., 78 N.J. 467, 396 A.2d 1129 (1979)
Toscano, State v., 74 N.J. 421,  378 A.2d 755 (1977)
Watson, State v., 191 N.J. Super. 464, 467 A.2d 590 (1983)
Williams, State v., 29 N.J. 27, 148 A.2d 22 (1959)

Ochoa, State v., 72 P.2d 609, 41 N.M. 589 (1937)
Vallejos, State v., 123 N.M. 739 (1997)

Abbott, People v., 84 A.D.2d 11,  445 N.Y.S.2d 344 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
Anonymous B, In re, 56 Misc. 2d 792 (N.Y. County Ct. 1968)
Beatty v. Kelly, 9 A.D.2d 1001 (N.Y. App. Div. 1959)
Beiter, People v., 77 A.D.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
Berck, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 567 (1973)
Berkowitz, People v.,  50 N.Y.2d 333 (1980)
Bess, People v., 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Boice, People v., 89 A.D.2d 33 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)
Brooks, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 475 (1974)
Brothers, People v., 72 A.D.2d 616 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979)
Brown, People v., 70 Misc. 2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1972)
Brown, People v., 68 A.D.2d 503, 417 N.Y.S.2d 966 (1979)
Calvano, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 199, 282 N.E.2d 322, 331 N.Y.S.2d 430 (1972)
Campbell, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988)
Cantarella, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 8 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)
Capaldo, People v., 151 Misc. 2d 114 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1991)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
Casassa, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 668 (1980)
Chesler, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 203 (1980)
Clark, People v., 135 Misc. 2d 22 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1987)
Coe, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 852 (1988)
Coleman, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 381 (1989)
Colombo, People v., 31 N.Y.2d 947 (1972)
Colon, People v., 77 A.D.2d 370 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
Condarco, People v., 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1995)
Craig, People v., 78 N.Y.2d 616, 585 N.E.2d 783, 578 N.Y.S.2d 471 (1991)
Danisi, People v., 113 Misc. 2d 753 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1982)
Davis, People v., 128 Misc. 2d 782 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1985)
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Decina, People v., 2 N.Y.2d 133, 138 N.E.2d 799, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558 (1956)
Delgardo, People v., 1 Misc. 2d 821 (N.Y. City Magis. Ct. 1955)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989)
Dlugash, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 725,  363 N.E.2d 1155,  395 N.Y.S.2d 419 (1977)
Duffy, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 611 (1992)
Dupont, People v., 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Eboli, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 281 (1974)
Esquilin, People v., 159 A.D.2d 632 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088,  379 N.Y.S.2d 912 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
Ezeonu, People v., 155 Misc. 2d 344 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
Fardan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 638 (1993)
Fernandez, People v., 93 Misc. 2d 127 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1978)
Flayhart, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 737 (1988)
Foster, People v., 73 N.Y.2d 596 (1989)
Fowler, People v., 147 A.D.2d 966 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989)
Frank, People v.,  166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1995)
Frisbie, People v., 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gabbidon, People v., 172 Misc. 2d 226 (N.Y. Sup.Ct. 1997)
Gaines, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 358 (1989)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Goetz, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Gonzalez, People v., 80 N.Y.2d 146 (1992)
Gordon, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 62 (1973)
Graves, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 16 (1990)
Gray, People v., 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1991)
Griffin, People v., 80 N.Y.2d 723 (1993)
Guraj, People v., 105 Misc. 2d 176 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1980)
Hagi, People v., 169 A.D.2d 203 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Haney, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 328 (1972)
Hassin, People v., 48 A.D.2d 705 (N.Y. App. Div. 1975)
Hayes, People v., 208 A.D.2d 1054 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994)
Heizman, People v., 127 A.D.2d 609 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Hendrix, People v., 56 A.D.2d 580 (N.Y. App. Div. 1977)
Hernandez, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 309 (1993)
Hollman, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 202 (1986)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Isaacson, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978)
Jaffe, People v., 185 N.Y. 497,  78 N.E. 169 (1906)
Jennings, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 103 (1986)
Jessie C., In re, 164 A.D.2d 731 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Kahn, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 594 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Kaplan, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 140 (1990)
Karp, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 965 N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1975)
Kibbe, People v., 35 N.Y.2d 407 (1974)
Kohut, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 183 (1972)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Lenti, People v., 46 Misc. 2d 682 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1965)
Leone, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 315 (1978)
Levitan, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 87 (1980)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984)
Lombardo, People v., 61 N.Y.2d 97 (1984)
Lubow, People v., 29 N.Y.2d 58 (1971)
M., Matter of, 63 N.Y.2d 270 (1984)
MacKenzie, People v., 193 A.D.2d 700 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993)
Mackey, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 274 (1980)
Maher, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 978 (1992)
Manini, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
Manson, People v., 173 Misc. 2d 806 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1997)
Marrero, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 382 (1987)
Martin, People v., 62 Misc. 2d 884 (N.Y. Co. Ct. 1970)
Matos, People v., 83 N.Y.2d 509 (1994)
McCandless, People v., 3 A.D.2d 600 (N.Y. App. Div. 1957)
McGee, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
Meadow, People v., 101 Misc. 2d 203 (N.Y. County Ct. 1979)
Melker, People v., 190 N.Y. 481 (1908)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Miller, People v.,  87 N.Y.2d 211 (1995)
Morel, People v., 164 A.D.2d 677 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Morgan, People v., 172 A.D.2d 414 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Morgenstern, People v., 140 Misc. 2d 861 (N.Y. City Ct. 1988)
Nelson, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
O'Connor, People v., 159 Misc. 2d 1072 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Olivo, People v., 52 N.Y.2d 309 (1981)
Onofre, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Parker, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 669 (1973)
Parker, People v., 51 Misc. 2d 843 (N.Y. Ct. Spec. Sess. 1966)
Peacock, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 675 (1986)
Pena, People v., 169 Misc. 2d 75 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996)
Perdue, People v., 132 A.D.2d 998 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Prainito, People v., 97 Misc. 2d 66 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1978)
Register, People v., 60 N.Y.2d 270  (1983)
Reid, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 469 (1987)
Reilly, People v., 85 Misc. 2d 702 (N.Y. County Ct. 1976)
Rivera, People v., 77 A.D.2d 538 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
Rizzo, People v., 246 N.Y. 334 (1927)
Robinson, People v., 60 N.Y.2d 982 (1983)
Ryan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 497,  626 N.E.2d 51,  605 N.Y.S.2d 235 (1993)
Santiago, People v., 166 A.D.2d 362 (1990)
Saunders, People v., 85 N.Y.2d 339 (1995)
Schmidt, People v., 216 N.Y. 324 (1915)
Shaughnessy, People v., 66 Misc. 2d 19 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1971)
Simmons, People v., 79 Misc. 2d 249 (N.Y.City Crim. Ct. 1974)
Steinberg, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
Stevenson, People v., 31 N.Y.2d 108 (1972)
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568,  338 N.E.2d 602,  376 N.Y.S.2d 87 (1975)
Studifin, People v., 132 Misc. 2d 326 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1986)
Taylor, People v., 70 Misc. 2d 970 (N.Y. County Ct. 1972)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Vasquez, People v., 85 Misc. 2d 851 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1976)
Verez, People v., 83 N.Y.2d 921 (1994)
Victor, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 374 (1984)
Wakefield, People v., 155 Misc. 2d 775 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
Warner-Lambert Co., People v., 51 N.Y.2d 295 (1980)
Werblow, People v., 241 N.Y. 55 (1925)
Westergard, People v., 113 A.D.2d 640 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
White, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 900 (1992)
Wright Hepburn Wester Gallery, State v., 64 Misc. 2d 423 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1970)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Young, People v., __ N.Y.2d __ (No. 172, Nov. 23, 1999)

Leidholm, State v., 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)

Wyant, State v., 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)

Barnhart, Commonwealth v., 345 Pa. Super. 10, 497 A.2d 616 (1983)
Bidner, Commonwealth v., 282 Pa. Super. 100, 422 A.2d 847 (1980)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)
Donton, Commonwealth v., 439 Pa. Super. 406, 654 A.2d 580 (1995)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969)
Haines, Commonwealth v., 147 Pa. Super. 165 (1942)
Henley, Commonwealth v., 504 Pa. 408, 474 A.2d 1115 (1984)
Keller, Com. v., 35 Pa. D. & C.2d 615 (Ct. Common Pleas 1964)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575, 155 A.2d 825 (1959)
Malone, Commonwealth v., 354 Pa. 180 (1946)
Markum, Commonwealth v., 373 Pa. Super. 341, 541 A.2d 347 (1988)
Moses, Commonwealth v., 350 Pa. Super. 231, 504 A.2d 330 (1986)
Penn Valley Resorts, Commonwealth v., 343 Pa. Super. 387, 494 A.2d 1139 (1985)
Rementer, Commonwealth v., 410 Pa. Super. 9, 598 A2d 1300 (1991)
Root, Com. v., 403 Pa. 571,  170 A.2d 310 (1961)
Tavares, Commonwealth v., 382 Pa. Super. 317, 555 A.2d 199 (1989)

Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1964)
Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)

Levelle, State v. 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891)

Lyerla, State v., 424 N.W.2d 908 (S.D. 1988)

Warshow, State v., 138 Vt. 22,  410 A.2d 1000 (1979)

Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980)

Gounagias, State v., 88 Wash. 304 (1915)
Williams, State v., 4 Wash.App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167 (1971)
Kelly, State v., 33 Wash. App. 541 (1982)
Strasburg, State v. 60 Wash. 106, 110 P. 1020 (1910)

Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998)
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)
Bajakajian, United States v., 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998)
Balint, United States v., 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Bass, United States v., 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Dotterweich, United States v., 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996)
Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Freed, United States v., 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
Hendricks, Kansas v., 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997)
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997)
Hudson & Goodwin, United States v., 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81,  116 S.Ct. 2035 (1996)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Mitchell, Wisconsin v., 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Park, United States v., 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968)
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Shannon, United States v., 512 U.S. 573 (1994)
Shevlin-Carpenter Co. v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10 (1980)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
Ursery, United States v., 518 U.S. 267 (1996)
Vacco v. Quill,  ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
Watts, United States v., 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996)
Wiltberger, United States v., 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
Winship, Matter of, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)