OPINION BY MR. CHIEF JUSTICE MAXEY

   This is an appeal from the judgment and sentence under a conviction of murder in the second degree.  William H. Long, age 13 years, was Killed by a shot from a 32-caliber revolver held against his right side by the defendant, then aged 17 years.  These youths were on friendly terms at the time of the homicide.  The defendant and his mother, while his father and brother were in the U.S. Armed Forces, were residing in Lancaster, Pa., with the family of William H. Long, whose son was the victim of the shooting.

   On the evening of February 26, 1945, when the defendant went to a moving picture theater, he carried in   [p. 182]   the pocket of his raincoat a revolver which he had obtained at the home of his uncle on the preceding day.  In the afternoon preceding the shooting, the decedent procured a cartridge from his father's room and he and the defendant placed it in the revolver.

   After leaving the theater, the defendant went to a dairy store and there met the decedent.  Both youths sat in the rear of the store ten minutes, during which period the defendant took the gun out of his pocket and loaded the chamber to the right of the firing pin and then closed the gun.  A few minutes later, both youths sat on stools in front of the lunch counter and ate some food.  The defendant suggested to the decedent that they play "Russian Poker".  [n. 1] Long replied: "I don't care; go ahead".    The defendant then placed the  revolver against the right side of Long and pulled the trigger three times.  The third pull resulted in a fatal wound to Long.  The latter jumped off the stool and cried: "Oh!  Oh!  Oh!" and Malone said: "Did I hit you, Billy? Gee, Kid, I'm sorry." Long died from the wounds two days later.

   1.  It has been explained that "Russian poker" is a game in which the participants, in turn, place a single cartridge in one of the five chambers of a revolver cylinder, give the latter a quick twirl, place the muzzle of the gun against the temple and pull the trigger, leaving it to chance whether or not death results to the trigger puller.

   Appellant alleges certain errors in the charge of the court and also contends that the facts did not justify a   [p. 183]   conviction for any form of homicide except involuntary manslaughter.  This contention we over-rule.  A specific intent to take life is, under our law, an essential ingredient of murder in the first degree.  At common law, the "grand criterion" which "distinguished murder from other killing" was malice on the part of the killer and this malice was not necessarily "malevolent to the deceased particularly" but "any evil design in general; the dictate of a wicked, depraved and malignant heart": 4 Blackstone 199.  Among the examples that Blackstone cites of murder is "coolly discharging a gun among a multitude of people", causing the death of someone of the multitude.

   In Pennsylvania, the common law crime of murder is divided into two degrees, and murder of the second degree includes every element which enters into first degree murder except the intention to kill: Commonwealth v. Divomte, 262 Pa. 504, 507; 105 A. 821. When an individual commits an act of gross recklessness for which he must reasonably anticipate that death to another is likely to result, he exhibits that "wickedness of disposition; hardness of heart; cruelty; recklessness of consequences and a mind regardless of social duty" which proved that there was at that time in him "that state or frame of mind termed malice".[n. 2] This court has declared that if a driver "wantonly, recklessly and in disregard of consequences" hurls "his car against another or into a crowd" and death results from that act "he ought to face the same consequences that would be meted out to him if he had accomplished death by wantonly and wickedly firing a gun": Com. v. Mayberry. 290 Pa. 195, 199; 138 A. 686, citing cases from four jurisdictions.

   2. These quoted phrases are from the opinion of Chief Justice AGNEW in Com. v. Drum, 58 Pa. 9.

   In Com. v. Knox, 262 Pa. 428; 105 A. 634, the following instructions by the trial judge in a murder case was held by this court not to be error: "When a man uses a gun loaded with powder and shot and aimed at a vital part of the body of another and discharges it, he must be presumed to know that death is likely to follow." In Com. v. Arnold, 292 Pa. 210 at 213; 140 A. 898, this court said: "Malice will be implied from conduct, recklessness of consequences, or the cruelty of the crime".

   Appellant has assigned for error certain excerpts from the charge of the court.  The charge in its entirety affords no grounds for the reversal of the judgment and sentence.  Certain excerpts if they stood alone might have misled the jury to the defendant's prejudice.  For example, the trial judge said: "All felonious homicide or illegal or unlawful homicide is presumed to be malicious, that is, murder of some degree, until the contrary appears in the evidence." The second sentence after this one reads as follows: "Accordingly, when a felonious or unlawful homicide is proved, malice is presumed to have existed... as a presumption of fact".  A homicide may be unlawful without being presumably malicious.  The homicide known as involuntary manslaughter occurs when death is caused by an unlawful act or by a lawful act done in an unlawful manner.  While there do appear statements in some of the reports that "all unlawful homicide is presumed to be malicious and, therefore, murder", careful trial judges always qualify that statement, as Chief Justice AGNEW did in Com. v. Drum, 58 Pa. 9 at page 17 where he said: "All murder... includes [p. 185]   all unlawful killing under circumstances of depravity of heart, and a disposition of mind regardless of social duty".  Trial judges should make it clear to the jury that an unlawful killing in order to constitute murder must result from an intentional, felonious act and not merely from an inadvertent or negligent act.  The trial judge in a sentence which intervened between the two sentences above quoted, stated the applicable principle of law correctly as follows: "This presumption of malice does not rise, however, until the Commonwealth has made out a prima facie case of felonious homicide".  This statement was in accord with what Mr. Justice ATERN, speaking for this court, said in Com. v. Wucherer, 351 Pa. 305 at 310; 41 A. 2d 574, to wit: "It is important at the outset to bear in mind that the so-called presumption of malice does not arise until the Commonwealth has made out a prima facie case of felonious homicide".  Defendant's rights were fully protected by the charge in its totality.

   However, the charge was in several respects prejudicial to the Commonwealth. For example, the trial judge said: "It is the duty of the Commonwealth to prove that the killing was unlawful and intentional, and if the evidence taken as a whole raises reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to whether the killing was accidental or intentional, you must acquit the accused, for the reason that the Commonwealth has failed to sustain its case." This instruction was tantamount to saying that the Commonwealth in order to obtain the conviction of the defendant of any crime included in the indictment had to prove him guilty of murder in the first degree, for if the killing was intentional, it would have been murder in the first degree.  The alternative presented to the jury by the instructions was limited to an intentional killing or to an accidental  killing.  The jury found that the killing was neither intentional nor accidental but that it was a malicious killing though without a specific intent in the killer to take life, and that, therefore, it was murder in the second degree.

   [p. 186]   The trial judge also erred in charging that "A person on trial for murder cannot be convicted of any offense if the testimony shows that the death was accidental".  Death may be accidental though it resulted from a malicious act intentionally committed.  In such a case the means were not accidental; the result was. [n. 3] In the instant case if the defendant had by some negligent, unintentional act, caused Long to fall off the stool at which he was sitting in the store and if, as a result of that fall, Long had sustained a fatal injury, both the initial act and and death might be correctly characterized as accidental.  But when the defendant knowing that a revolver had at least one loaded cartridge in it, pressed the muzzle of that revolver to the side of Long and pulled the trigger three times, his act cannot be characterized as accidental, even if his statement that he had no intention to kill Long is accepted (as the jury accepted it).  The way the trial judge used the word "accidental" throughout the charge must have been confusing to the jury and might easily have misled it into acquitting the accused on the theory that since the death of Long was accidental, "the defendant cannot be convicted of any offense", (as the trial judge said).  The latter should have made it clear to the jury that even though Long's death might have been unintended and, therefore, accidental, the evidence showed that the act which caused the victim's death was not accidental.  This was the view the jury took of the case despite the court's instructions.

   3. If A maliciously beats B intending to do him enorous bodily harm without killing him and B dies as result of the beating, A can be found guilty of murder in the second degree, though death was "accidental" in the sense that it was not intended by A.
  The difference between intentional means and "accidental" results is discussed in Arnstein v. Metropolitan L. Ins. Co., 329 Pa. 158 at 162; 196 A. 491, and in footnote 1, page 237 of O'Neill et al., v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 345 Pa. 232; 26 A. 2d 898.

   This court said in Sears v. Birbeck,  321 Pa. 375, 383; 184 A. 6: "It is a primary duty of the trial judge -- a duty that must never be ignored -- in charging a jury to clarify the issues so that the jury may comprehend the  questions they are to decide." When the issues in either a criminal or a civil case are not clarified in the judge's charge, the charge is of very little value in the administration of justice though it may contain no prejudicial error.  A charge may be technically correct and yet be to the jury meaningless and useless.  Many trial judges employ concrete illustrations [n. 4] to help make clear to the jury what the issues are which the jury is to decide and [p. 188]   how to apply legal principles to the facts so as to reach a just verdict.

   4.  In the well-known case of Com. v. Harman, 4 Pa. 269, Chief Justice GIBSON in charging the jury used an illustration to make clear to the jury why evidence should not be discredited because it was circumstantial, and that even so-called "positive" evidence was to a certain degree inferential in nature, i.e., circumstantial.
   In the famous case of Com. v. Webster, 5 Cushing 295, 311, Chief Justice SHAW of Massachusetts used the following simple illustration to instruct the jury as to the nature and value of circumstantial evidence: "When footprints are discovered after a recent snow, it is certain that some animated being has passed over the snow since it fell; and, from the form and number of footprints, it can be determined with equal certainty, whether they are a man, a bird, or a quadruped."

   All the assignments of error are over-ruled and the judgment is affirmed. The record is remitted to the court below so that the sentence imposed may be carried out.