[Click here for Syllabus (Spring 2004): pt. 1, pt. 2]

Preliminary

Purposes of Penal Law & Penal Code

Model Penal Code § 1.02; New York Penal Law § 1.05; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d))
Bergman, United States v., 416 F.Supp. 496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)
People v. Mooney, 133 Misc. 2d 313 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1986)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995)
People v. Payne, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 926
Michael, Jerome & Herbert Wechsler, A Rationale of the Law of Homicide I & II, 37 Colum. L. Rev. 701, 1261 (1937)
Hart, Henry M., The Aims of the Criminal Law, 23 Law & Contemp. Problems 401 (1958)
Morris, Herbert, Persons and Punishment, in The Monist 475 (1967)
Moore, Michael S., The Moral Worth of Retribution, in Character, Emotions, and Responsibility 179 (F. Schoeman et al. eds, 1988)
Wechsler, Herbert, The Challenge of a Model Penal Code, 65 Harv. L. Rev. 1097 (1952)
Kadish, Sanford H., Codifiers of the Criminal Law, 78 Colum. L. Rev. 1098 (1978)
Dan-Cohen, Meir, Decision Rules and Conduct Rules: On Acoustic Separation in Criminal Law, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 625 (1984)
Robinson, Paul H., Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication, 57 U. Chi. L Rev. 729 (1990)
Dubber, Markus, Punishment Theories (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
Dubber, Markus, Sources of Criminal Law (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Criminal vs. Civil Sanctions

Model Penal Code §§ 1.02, 1.04; New York Penal Law §§ 5.10(3), 60.30
United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267 (1996) (civil forfeiture)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997) (civil commitment)
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997) (administrative penalties)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
U.S. Dep't of Justice, Memorandum on Coordination of Parallel Criminal, Civil, and Administrative Proceedings (July 28, 1997)
Mann, Kenneth, Punitive Civil Sanctions: The Middleground Between Criminal and Civil Law, 101 Yale L.J. 1795 (1992)

Local Penal Law

Model Penal Code (n/a); New York Penal Law § 10.00(1)
People v. Delgardo, 1 Misc. 2d 821 (N.Y. Mag. Ct. 1955)
Crawley, State v., 90 N.J. 241 (1982)

Non-Penal Code Offenses

Model Penal Code § 1.04; New York Penal Law § 10.00(1)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969)
Bidner, Com. v., 282 Pa. Super. 100 (1980)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)

Jurisdiction

Model Penal Code § 1.03; New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 20; Uniform Code of Military Justice §§ 802, 805; German Penal Code §§ 3-7
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Werblow, People v., 241 N.Y. 55 (1925)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

U.S. Constitution amend. 8
Model Penal Code § 1.02(2)(c); New York Penal Law § 1.05(4)
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (death penalty)
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) (life imprisonment without parole)
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993) (civil forfeiture)
United States v. Bajakajian, 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998) (criminal forfeiture)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)
Dubber, Markus, Eighth Amendment (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
Dubber, Markus, Cruel and Unusual Punishments, in Encyclopedia of Crime & Justice (Joshua Dressler ed. 2d. ed 2001)

Double Jeopardy

U.S. Constitution amend. 5
Model Penal Code §§ 1.07-.11; New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 40
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Cole, State v., 120 N.J. 321, 576 A.2d 84 (1990) (merger)

Fair Warning (Principle of Legality)

U.S. Constitution amend. 5
Model Penal Code § 1.02(1)(d); New York Penal Law § 1.05(2)
Jeffries, John Calvin, Jr., Legality, Vagueness, and the Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 Va. L. Rev. 189 (1985)
Allen, Francis A., The Erosion of Legality in American Criminal Justice, 29 Ariz. L. Rev. 385 (1987)
Dubber, Markus, Constitutional Limitations: Legality (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

1. Legislativity

Model Penal Code § 1.05; New York Penal Law (not codified)
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)
Keller, Com. v., 35 Pa. D. & C.2d 615 (Ct. Common Pleas 1964)
People v. Kevorkian, 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
Kahan, Dan M., Three Conceptions of Federal Criminal-Lawmaking, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 5 (1997)

2. Lenity

Model Penal Code § 1.02(3); New York Penal Law § 5.00
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Johnson v. State, 602 So.2d 1288 (Fla. 1992)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999) (constitutional doubt)
Kahan, Dan M., Lenity and Federal Common Law Crimes, 1994 Sup. Ct. Rev. 345

3. Specificity

Model Penal Code § 1.02(3); New York Penal Law § 5.00
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999) (affirming 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)) [oral argument (audio)]

4. Prospectivity

U.S. Constitution art. 1, §§ 9 & 10
Model Penal Code § 1.01(2)-(4); New York Penal Law § 5.00
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)
Fiore v. White, 149 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 1998) (judicial interpretation)
Kahan, Dan M., Some Realism About Retroactive Criminal Lawmaking, 3 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 95 (1997)

5. Publicity

The Cotton Planter, 6 F. Cas. 620 (Cir. Ct. D.N.Y. 1810)

Burden of Proof: Reasonable Doubt

U.S. Constitution amend. 5
Model Penal Code § 1.12; New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 70
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999)
Fletcher, George P., Two Kinds of Legal Rules, 77 Yale L.J. 880 (1968)
Dubber, Markus, Presumption of Innocence (Burden of Proof & Presumptions) (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Actus Reus

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(2)-(7), 2.01; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10
Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)
Martin v. State, 31 Ala.App. 334, 17 So.2d 427 (1944)
Decina, People v., 2 N.Y.2d 133, 138 N.E.2d 799, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558 (1956)
Shaughnessy, People v., 66 Misc. 2d 19 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1971)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
Grant, People v., 46 Ill.App.3d 125,  360 N.E.2d 809,  4 Ill.Dec. 696 (1977)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)
State v. Tippetts, 180 Ore. App. 350 (2002)
Manna v. State, 803 So. 2d 866 (Fla. 2002)
Dubber, Markus, Actus Reus (web lesson) (© CALI)

Omission Offenses

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(4)-(7), 2.01(3); New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(3)-(5), 15.10; Wisconsin Crim. Code § 940.34
Steinberg, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
Knowles, United States v., 26 Fed. Cas. 801 (N.D. Cal. 1864)
Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307 (D.C. Cir. 1962)

Status Offenses

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(2)-(7), 2.01; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)

Possession Offenses

Model Penal Code § 2.01(4); New York Penal Law §§ 10.00(8), 15.00(2)
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
People v. Rivera, 77 A.D.2d 538 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
Heizman, People v., 127 A.D.2d 609 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
People v. Verez, 83 N.Y.2d 921 (1994)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
People v. Young, 94 N.Y.2d 171 (1999)
People v. Rosado, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 974 (Crim. Ct. N.Y.)
United States v. Tucker, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. Sept. 16, 2002)
Dubber, Markus Dirk, Policing Possession: The War on Crime and the End of Criminal Law, 91 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 829 (2002)

Mens Rea (see comparative chart)

Model Penal Code § 2.02; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(6), 15.05
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975) (reckless v. negligent)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Coe, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 852 (1988) ("willfully")
Ryan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 497 (1993)
Pierce, Commonwealth v., 138 Mass. 165 (1884)
Faulkner, Regina v., 13 Cox Crim. Cas. 550 (1877)
Tolson, Queen v., 23 Q.B.D. 185 (1889) ("mens rea")
Cunningham, R. v., [1957] 2 QB 396 ) ("malicious")
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394 (1980)
Creighton, R. v., [1993] 3 S.C.R.
Palani Goundan v. Emperor, 1920 Madras 862 (India)
Thabo Meli v. Regina, 1 All Eng. Rep. 373 (1954) (South Africa)
Cretenoud c. Procureur Général, RO 86 IV 12 (1960) (Switzerland)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Mens Rea, 45 Harv. L. Rev. 974 (1932)
Packer, Herbert L., Mens Rea and the Supreme Court, 1962 Sup. Ct. Rev. 107
Robinson, Paul H. & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis in Defining Criminal Liability, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983)
Simons, Kenneth W., Rethinking Mental States, 72 B.U. L. Rev. 463 (1992)

Absolute Liability

Model Penal Code § 2.05; New York Penal Law § 15.10
Commonwealth v. Mash, 48 Mass. (7 Metc.) 472 (1844)
Regina v. Prince, L.R. 2 Cr. Cas. Res. 154 (1875)
Guest, State v., 583 P.2d 836 (Alaska 1978)
Shevlin-Carpenter Company v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Dotterweich v. United States, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
United States v. Delahoussaye, 573 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1978)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)
Michalek, State v., 207 N.J. Super. 340, 504 A.2d 155 (1985) (vehicle & traffic)
State v. Wingate, 668 So.2d 1324 (La. Ct. App. 1996)
Manson, People v., 173 Misc. 2d 806 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1997) (sex offender registration)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Public Welfare Offenses, 33 Colum. L. Rev. 55 (1933)
Wasserstrom, Richard, Strict Liability in the Criminal Law, 12 Stan. L. Rev. 731 (1960)

Felony Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2(1)(b); New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Davis, People v., 128 Misc. 2d 782 (1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)

Causation

Model Penal Code § 2.03; New York Penal Law (not codified)
People v. Kibbe, 35 N.Y.2d 407 (1974) (non-codified; depraved indifference murder)
People v. Warner-Lambert, 51 N.Y.2d 295 (1980) (manufacturer's homicide liability)
In re Anthony M., 63 N.Y.2d 270 (1984) (felony murder)
People v. Griffin, 80 N.Y.2d 723 (1993) (medical malpractice as intervening cause of death)
People v. Hernandez, 82 N.Y.2d 309 (1993) (felony murder)
People v. Matos, 83 N.Y.2d 509 (1994) (felony murder)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Stamp, People v., 2 Cal.App.3d 203, 82 Cal.Rptr. 598 (1969) (felony murder; non-codified)
Root, Com. v., 403 Pa. 571,  170 A.2d 310 (1961) (non-codified)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969) (non-codified)
Rementer, Com. v., 410 Pa. Super. 9, 598 A2d 1300 (1991) (codified)
Watson, State v., 191 N.J. Super. 464 (1983) (codified; brain death)
Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 Ind. 141 (1932)
Frazier, State v., 339 Mo. 966,  98 S.W.2d 707 (1936)
Rhoades, Com. v., 379 Mass. 810,  401 N.E.2d 342 (1980)
Twitchell, Com. v., 416 Mass. 114,  617 N.E.2d 609 (1993)
Dubber, Markus, Causation (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Mistake

Model Penal Code § 2.04; New York Penal Law § 15.20
Studifin, People v., 132 Misc. 2d 326 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1986)
Marrero, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 382 (1987)
Baker, United States v., 807 F.2d 427 (5th Cir. 1986)
Long v. State, 44 Del. 262,  65 A.2d 489 (1949)
Bray, People v., 52 Cal.App.3d 494 (1975)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Mukhtar Nur, Sudan v., Major Court, 1959 Sudan L.J. 1
X. c. Ministére Public, RO 86 IV 212 (1961) (Switzerland)

Liability for Another's Conduct; Complicity

Model Penal Code § 2.06; New York Penal Law art. 20
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980) (innocent)
Hernandez, State v., 18 Cal. App. 3d 651 (1971) (innocent)
Tavares, Commonwealth v., 382 Pa. Super. 317 (1989) (innocent)
Tally, State v., 15 So. 722 (Ala. 1894) (complicity)
Ochoa, State v., 72 P.2d 609, 41 N.M. 589 (1937) (complicity)
United States v. Peoni, 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir. 1938)
United States v. Falcone, 109 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1940)
Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1940)
Haines, Commonwealth v., 147 Pa. Super. 165 (1942)
Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10 (1980) (acquittal of principal)
People v. Brooks, 34 N.Y.2d 475 (1974) (definition of "accomplice")
People v. McGee, 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979) (complicity vs. conspiracy)
Abbott, People v., 84 A.D.2d 11 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
People v. Flayhart, 72 N.Y.2d 737 (1988) (complicity in reckless and negligence offenses)
People v. Kaplan, 76 N.Y.2d 140 (1990) (complicity in intent offenses; complicity vs. facilitation)
Maiorino v. Scully, 746 F. Supp. 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (causation; convictions for different degrees of offense)
Manini, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
Gains v. State, 417 So.2d 719 (D. Ct. App. Fla. 1982)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Responsibility for the Acts of Another, 43 Harv. L. Rev. 689 (1930)

Liability of Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act, in Behalf of a Corporation

Model Penal Code § 2.07; New York Penal Law §§ 20.20-.25
United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575 (1959)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Penn Valley Resorts, Commonwealth v., 343 Pa. Super. 387 (1985) (homicide)
Stauffer v. Ministére Public, RO 78 IV 6 (1952) (Switzerland)

Intoxication

Model Penal Code § 2.08; New York Penal Law §§ 15.05(3), 15.25
People v. Register, 60 N.Y.2d 270 (1983) (depraved indifference murder)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985) (diminished capacity)
Cameron, State v., 104 N.J. 42 (1986) (voluntary intoxication)
Sette, State v., 259 N.J. Super. 156 (1992) (involuntary vs. pathological intoxication)
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996)

Duress

Model Penal Code § 2.09; New York Penal Law § 40.00
Brown, People v., 68 A.D.2d 503 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979) (duress vs. necessity)
Calvano, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 199 (1972) (duress vs. entrapment)
St. Clair, State v., 262 S.W.2d 25 (Mo. 1953)
Toscano, State v., 74 N.J. 421,  378 A.2d 755 (1977)
Unger, People v., 66 Ill.2d 333,  362 N.E.2d 319,  5 Ill.Dec. 848 (1977)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)

Military Orders

Model Penal Code § 2.10; New York Penal Law (not codified)
Calley, United States v., 22 U.S.C.M.A. 534 (1973) (My Lai)

Consent

Model Penal Code § 2.11; New York Penal Law (not codified)
People v. Lenti, 46 Misc. 2d 682 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1965)
State v. George, 937 S.W.2d 251 (Mo. App. 1996)
Dubber, Markus, Consent (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Entrapment

Model Penal Code § 2.13; New York Penal Law § 40.05
Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
People v. Isaacson, 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978) (outrageous government conduct)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
United States v. Mosley, 965 F.2d 906 (10th Cir. 1992) (outrageous government conduct)
United States v. Boyd, 55 F.3d 239 (7th Cir. 1995) (outrageous government conduct)
Rockholt, State v., 186 N.J. Super. 539 (1982)
Medina, State v., 201 N.J. Super (1985)
Fogarty, State v., 128 N.J. 59 (1992)
Abdelnoor, State v., 273 N.J. Super. 321 (1994)
State v. Vallejos, 945 P.2d 957 (N.M. 1997) (objective vs. subjective entrapment)

De Minimis

Model Penal Code § 2.12; New York Penal Law (not codified)
Moses, Commonwealth v., 350 Pa. Super. 231 (1986)
Pomorski, Stanislaw, On Multiculturalism, Concepts of Crime, and the "De Minimis" Defense, 1997 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 51

Choice of Evils

Model Penal Code § 3.02; New York Penal Law § 35.05(2)
United States v. Holmes, 26 F.Cas. 360 (E.D. Pa. 1842)
The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884)
People v. Brown, 70 Misc. 2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1972) (prison riot)
People. v. Bess, 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (third-degree burglary)
People v. Gray, 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1991) (disorderly conduct)
Craig, People v., 78 N.Y.2d 616 (1991)
People v. Maher, 79 N.Y.2d 978 (1992) (negligent homicide)
United States v. Kroncke, 459 F.2d 697 (8th Cir. 1972)
Warshow, State v., 138 Vt. 22,  410 A.2d 1000 (1979)
Barnhart, Commonwealth v., 345 Pa. Super. 10 (1983)
Markum, Commonwealth v., 373 Pa. Super. 341 (1988) (abortion protesters)
Commonwealth v. Leno, 415 Mass. 835 (1993)
United States v. Gomez, 92 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 1996)
Robinson, Paul H., Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis, 82 Colum. L. Rev. 199 (1982)
Greenawalt, Kent, The Perplexing Borders of Justification and Excuse, 84 Colum. L. Rev. 1897 (1984)
Fletcher, George P., The Right and the Reasonable, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 949 (1985)

Use of Force in Defense of Self, Other, or Property

Model Penal Code §§ 3.04-.07; New York Penal Law §§ 35.15-.25
LaVoie, People v., 155 Colo. 551,  395 P.2d 1001 (1964)
Peterson, United States v., 483 F.2d 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1973)
Ceballos, People v., 12 Cal.3d 470 (1974)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987) (burden of proof)
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983) (battered woman syndrome)
People v. Torres, 128 Misc. 2d 129 (N.Y. S. Ct. 1985) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 97 N.J. 178 (1984) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 33 Wash. App. 541 (1982) (battered woman syndrome)
Weston v. State, 682 P.2d 1119 (Ak. 1984)
Bowens, State v., 108 N.J. 622, 532 A.2d 215 (1987)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Hagi, People v., 169 A.D.2d 203 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
People v. Petronio, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 960 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 2002)
People v. Hernandez, 2002 N.Y. LEXIS 1623
People v. Bradley, 2002 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 8254
Coughlin, Anne, Excusing Women, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 1 (1994)

Law Enforcement

U.S. Constitution amend. 4
Model Penal Code § 3.07; New York Penal Law § 35.30
Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Pena, People v., 169 Misc. 2d 75 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996)

Mistakes

Model Penal Code § 3.09; New York Penal Law § 15.20
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)

In General

Dubber, Markus,  Excuses I: Duress, Entrapment, Mistake (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
Dubber, Markus,  Excuses II: Insanity and Infancy (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Insanity

Model Penal Code § 4.01; New York Penal Law § 40.15
M'Naghten's Case, 1 C. &  K. 130; 4 St. Tr. N.S. 847 (1843)
Johnson v. State, 38 So. 182 (Ala. 1905)
People v. Schmidt, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915) (M'Naghten test)
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952) (burden of proof)
People v. Kohl, 72 N.Y.2d 191 (1988) (burden of proof)
Smith v. United States, 36 F.2d 548 (D.C. Cir. 1929) (irresistible impulse test adopted)
Miller v. Overholser, 206 F.2d 415 (D.C. Cir. 1953) (commitment of "sexual psychopaths")
Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (Durham test established)
Washington v. United States, 390 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (Durham test doubted)
United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (en banc) (Durham test abandoned for Model Penal Code test)
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (Model Penal Code test abandoned by Congress)
18 U.S.C. § 17 (Insanity defense)
18 U.S.C. ch. 313 (Offenders with mental disease or defect)
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994) (interpreting Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984)
Maik, State v., 60 N.J. 203,  287 A.2d 715 (1972)
Smith v. State, 614 P.2d 300 (Alaska 1980)

Diminished Capacity

Model Penal Code § 4.02; New York Penal Law (not codified)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985)
State v. Breakiron, 108 N.J. 591, 532 A.2d 199 (1987)

Model Penal Code art. 5; New York Penal Law arts. 100-115
Wechsler, Herbert et al., The Treatment of Inchoate Crimes in the Model Penal Code I & II, 61 Colum. L. Rev. 571, 957 (1961)
Soble, Nathan R., The Anticipatory Offenses in the New Penal Law, 32 Brook. L. Rev. 257 (1966)

Attempt

Model Penal Code § 5.01; New York Penal Law art. 110
Murray, People v., 14 Cal. 159 (1859)
Peaslee, Commonwealth v., 177 Mass. 267 (1901)
Jaffe, People v., 185 N.Y. 497,  78 N.E. 169 (1906)
Rizzo, People v., 246 N.Y. 334 (1927)
McQuirter v. State, 36 Ala.App. 707,  63 So.2d 388 (1953)
Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1964) (impossibility)
Stewart v. State, 85 Nev. 388 (1969) (renunciation)
Staples, People v., 6 Cal.App.3d 61, 85 Cal.Rptr. 589 (1970) (preparation)
Lyerla, State v., 424 N.W.2d 908 (S.D. 1988)
Henley, Commonwealth v., 504 Pa. 408 (1984) (impossibility)
Donton, Commonwealth v., 439 Pa. Super. 406 (1995)
Clarke, State v., 198 N.J. Super. 219 (1985)
Dlugash, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 725,  363 N.E.2d 1155 (1977)
People v. Campbell, 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988) (impossibility)
Coleman, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 381 (1989) (impossibility)
People v. Esquilin, 552 N.Y.S.2d 953 (App. Div. 1990) (impossibility)
People v. Miller, 87 N.Y.2d 211 (1995) (impossibility)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Attempts, 41 Harv. L. Rev. 821 (1928)

Facilitation

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law art. 115
Gordon, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 62 (1973)

Solicitation

Model Penal Code § 5.02; New York Penal Law art. 100
Lubow, People v., 29 N.Y.2d 58 (1971)
Wilson, United States v., 565 F. Supp. 1416 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) (incidental exemption)
Benson v. Super. Ct., 57 Cal.2d 240 (1962)

Conspiracy

Model Penal Code § 5.03; New York Penal Law arts. 105, 460
Kemp, State v., 126 Conn. 60 (1939)
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)
McGee, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979)
Berkowitz, People v.,  50 N.Y.2d 333 (1980) (acquittal of co-conspirator)
Lauria, People v., 251 Cal.App.2d 471, 59 Cal.Rptr. 628 (1967)
Griffin v. State, 248 Ark. 1223,  455 S.W.2d 882 (1970)
Verive, State v., 128 Ariz. 570,  627 P.2d 721 (1981)
Sayre, Francis Bowes, Criminal Conspiracy, 35 Harv. L. Rev. 393 (1922)

Model Penal Code arts. 6 & 7; New York Penal Law arts. 55-85, 410, 415, 420, 480, § 460.30; New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1800 & 1801; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d)); U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Koon, United States v., 833 F. Supp. 769 (C.D. Cal. 1993)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996)
Bergman, United States v., 416 F.Supp. 496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)

Death Penalty

Model Penal Code § 210.6; New York Penal Law §§ 60.06, 125.27
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)

Repeat Offenders

Romero, People v., 13 Cal. 4th 497 (1996) ("three strikes")
Dubber, Markus Dirk, The Unprincipled Punishment of Repeat Offenders: A Critique of  California's Habitual Criminal Statute, 43 Stan. L. Rev. 193 (1990)
------, Recidivist Statutes as Arational Punishment, 43 Buff. L. Rev. 689 (1995)

 

Offenses Against the State

Model Penal Code (n/a); New York Penal Law (n/a); U.S. Constitution art. 3 § 3; U.S. Code, 18 U.S.C. ch. 115

Homicide

Model Penal Code art. 210; New York Penal Law art. 125
Michael, Jerome & Herbert Wechsler, A Rationale of the Law of Homicide I & II, 37 Colum L Rev 701, 1261 (1937)

Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2; New York Penal Law §§ 125.25-.27
Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
Malone, Commonwealth v., 354 Pa. 180 (1946)
Watson v. United States, 501 A.2d 791 (D.C. Ct. App. 1985)
People v. Sanchez, 2002 N.Y. LEXIS 2233

Felony Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2(1)(b); New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)

Manslaughter

Model Penal Code § 210.3; New York Penal Law §§ 125.12-.20
Williams, State v., 4 Wash.App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167 (1971)
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975)
Colon, People v., 77 A.D.2d 370 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
Duffy, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 611 (1992)
Welansky, Com. v., 316 Mass. 383,  55 N.E.2d 902 (1944)

Provocation

Model Penal Code § 210.3(b); New York Penal Law §§ 125.20(2), .25(1)(a), .27(2)(a)
Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668 (1980)
People v. White, 79 N.Y.2d 900 (1992)
People v. Fardan, 82 N.Y.2d 638 (1993)
Robinson, State v., 136 N.J. 476 (1994)
People v. Roche, 98 N.Y.2d 70 (2002)
Rowland v. State, 35 So. 826, 83 Miss. 483 (1904)
Gounagias, State v., 88 Wash. 304 (1915)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Walker, People v., 55 Ill.App.2d 292,  204 N.E.2d 594 (1965)
Berry, People v., 18 Cal.3d 509 (1976)
Camplin, DPP v., [1978] AC 705

Negligent Homicide

Model Penal Code § 210.4; New York Penal Law § 125.10
People v. Haney, 30 N.Y.2d 328 (1972) (traffic accident)
People v. Beiter, 77 A.D.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980) (traffic accident)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (traffic accident)

Assisted Suicide

Model Penal Code § 210.5; New York Penal Law § 120.30
Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Vacco v. Quill,  ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)

Assault

Model Penal Code art. 211; New York Penal Law art. 120, § 205.50(4)
Campbell, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988)
Commonwealth v. Slaney, 345 Mass. 135 (1962)

Kidnapping & Coercion

Model Penal Code art. 212; New York Penal Law art. 135
Eboli, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 281 (1974)

Model Penal Code art 213; New York Penal Law art. 130
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Powell v. State, 270 Ga. 327 (1998)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984) (marriage exemptions)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989) (sex discrimination)
Fischer, Commonwealth v., 721 A.2d 1111 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998)
People v. Parbhu,  743 N.Y.S.2d 660 (2002) (forcible touching)
People v. Soto, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 838 (same)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Cogan, R. v., [1976] QB 217
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980)
Rusk, State v., 289 Md. 230,  424 A.2d 720 (Ct. App. 1981)

Arson

Model Penal Code art. 220; New York Penal Law arts. 145, 150, §§ 156.20- .27, .50

Burglary

Model Penal Code art. 221; New York Penal Law art. 140
Mackey, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 274 (1980)
Bess, People v., 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gaines, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 358 (1989)
Graves, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 16 (1990)
People v. Petronio, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 960 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 2002)

Robbery

Model Penal Code art. 222; New York Penal Law art. 160
Reid, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 469 (1987)

Theft

Model Penal Code art. 223; New York Penal Law arts. 155, 165, 275, 420, §§ 156.05, .10, .30, .35, .50; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 133)
Chesler, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 203 (1980)
Olivo, People v., 52 N.Y.2d 309 (1981)
Foster, People v., 73 N.Y.2d 596 (1989
People v. Norman, 85 N.Y.2d 609 (1995))
Fletcher, George P., The Metamorphosis of Larceny, 89 Harv. L. Rev. 469 (1976)

Forgery & Fraud

Model Penal Code art. 224; New York Penal Law arts. 158, 165, 170, 175, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, 460, 470
Martin, People v., 62 Misc. 2d 884 (N.Y. County Ct. 1970) (bad check)
Levitan, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 87 (1980)
Lombardo, People v., 61 N.Y.2d 97 (1984) (usury)
Nelson, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)

Model Penal Code art. 230; New York Penal Law §§ 125.40-.60, arts. 255, 260, 263

Bribery

Model Penal Code art. 240; New York Penal Law arts. 195, 200, 215
Singleton, United States v., 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), vacated __ F.3d __ (Jan. 8, 1999) (en banc)

Perjury & Other Falsification

Model Penal Code art. 241; New York Penal Law arts. 200, 215
Simmons, People v., 79 Misc. 2d 249 (N.Y.City Crim. Ct. 1974)
Karp, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 965 N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1975) (impersonation)

Obstruction

Model Penal Code art. 242; New York Penal Law arts. 195, 205, 215; New York Judiciary Law art. 19
Leone, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 315 (1978) (contempt)
Peacock, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 675 (1986) (resisting arrest)

Abuse of Office

Model Penal Code art. 243; New York Penal Law art. 195

Riot & Disorderly Conduct

Model Penal Code art. 250; New York Penal Law arts. 240, 250

Harassment & Hate Crimes

Model Penal Code § 250.4; New York Penal Law § 240.31
Dupont, People v., 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gray, People v., 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1991)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
State v. Wyant, 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)
In re B.C. et al., Minors, 176 Ill. 2d 536 (1997)

Loitering

Model Penal Code § 250.6; New York Penal Law §§ 240.35-.37
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)

Nuisance

Model Penal Code §§ 250.2, .7; New York Penal Law §§ 240.45-.46; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 294)
Wright Hepburn Wester Gallery, State v., 64 Misc. 2d 423 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1970)

Public Indecency

Model Penal Code art. 251; New York Penal Law arts. 230, 235, 240, 245, 410

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law art. 156

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 220, 221, 480
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975) ("aggreggate weight")
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
Nestler, Cornelius, Constitutional Principles, Criminal Law Principles, and German Drug Law, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 661 (1998)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 225, 415; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 75, 213)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 460, 470; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. chs. 95 & 96)
People v. Capaldo, 151 Misc. 2d 114 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1991)
People v. Wakefield Financial Corp., 155 Misc. 2d 775 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
People v. Cantarella, 160 Misc. 2d 8 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)
Lynch, Gerard E., RICO: The Crime of Being a Criminal I & II, 87 Colum. L. Rev. 661, 920 (1987)

Model Penal Code §§ 5.06-.07; New York Penal Law arts. 265, 400

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Banking Law (e.g., art. 13-D, § 656)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Environmental Conservation Law (e.g., art. 71); New York Parks, Recreation, & Historic Preservation Law (e.g., art. 27); County Codes (e.g., Erie County Administrative Code § 9.06); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 216, 235, 337, 467)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Public Health Law (e.g., art. 28, § 2805-b, -f, art. 28-D, § 2897-b, art. 34, § 3455, art. 35, § 3512)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Multiple Dwelling Law (e.g., art. 8, § 304); New York Multiple Residence Law (art. 8, § 304)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Labor Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 209, 213); New York Workers’ Compensation Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 110, 114, 125, 131)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Alcoholic Beverage Control Law (e.g., art. 8, § 130)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Military Law (e.g., art. 11, §§ 236, 238, 238-a, 238-b, 240, 251, 252)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Judiciary Law (e.g., art. 15, §§ 476, 478-89, 491-95 476, 478-89, 491-95); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 144, 165, 213, 238, 326, 437)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 270, 400, 405; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 370 (restaurant occupancy limits))

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Tax Law (e.g., art. 37); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo art. 28, ch. 281)
U.S. Dep't of Justice, Tax Division, Criminal Tax Manual (1994)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York General Business Law (e.g., art. 2, §§ 4, 13, 16, art. 3, §§ 24, 26, art. 4, § 32(7), art. 5, § 54, art. 6-B, §§ 69, 69-c, art. 6-D, § 69-v, art. 7, §§ 70, 73, 75, 80-82, 84, art. 8-C, § 89-www, art. 9, §§ 90, 91, 93-95, 97-110, art. 9-A, §§ 119, 120, 124-27, art. 9-B, §§ 130(9), 131-36, 140-42, art. 10, § 159, art. 11, §§ 190, 193, art. 12, § 206-c, art. 13, §§ 229-a to -i, art. 13-A, § 237, art. 13-B, § 239-a, art. 14, §§ 246 to 248-a, art. 21, §§ 331, 334 to 338-a, art. 21-A, §§ 339-a to -f, art. 22-A, § 350); New York Real Property Actions & Proceedings Law (e.g., art. 2, § 232)

Reckless Driving

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law § 1212
Beatty v. Kelly, 9 A.D.2d 1001 (N.Y. App. Div. 1959)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)

Driving While Intoxicated

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1192-1193
O'Connor, People v., 159 Misc. 2d 1072 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Kahn, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 594 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)

Others

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1150 et seq. (pedestrians), 1230 et seq. (bicycles); New York Department of Motor Vehicles Regulations §§ 51.5 & 51.6 (tires)
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) ("pretextual stops" for traffic offenses)

Penalties

New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1800 & 1801; 1192-1193 (DWI)

Adultery (Mich. Penal Code ch. V)
Blasphemy (Mich. Penal Code ch. XIV)
Concealing Death of Infant Child (Mich. Penal Code ch. XXIII)
Crime Against Nature or Sodomy (Mich. Penal Code ch. XXV)
Flag and Coat-of-Arms (Mich. Penal Code ch. XL)
Indians (Mich. Penal Code ch. XLIX)
Libel and Slander (Mich. Penal Code ch. LIV)
Miscellaneous  (Mich. Penal Code ch. LX)
   Convict or jail or prison inmate, taunting, accusing (Mich. Penal Code § 750.409)
   Solicitation of personal injury claims (Mich. Penal Code § 750.410)
   “Bed and breakfast” and “hotel” defined; prohibited acts; penalties (Mich. Penal Code § 750.411g)
   Posting message through electronic medium; prohibitions; penalty (Mich. Penal Code § 750.411s)
Seduction (Mich. Penal Code ch. LXXIX)
The Star Spangled Banner (Mich. Penal Code ch. LXXXIII)

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