James L. Dowsey, J.

 [p. 683] The trial of this case has proceeded for approximately two weeks.  The prosecution has presented its case and rested.  The indictment accuses the defendants of the crime of "hazing", in violation of section 1030 of the Penal Law of the State of New York, committed as follows: "The defendants, Robert Lenti, Robert Pellegrino, Gaetano Aliseo and Frank Gannon, each aiding and abetting the other and acting in concert, and accompanied by juveniles, in the County of Nassau, State of New York, on or about the 4th day of April, 1964, did willfully and unlawfully engage in what is commonly called 'hazing', while attending an institution of learning in Union Free School District No. 11, Oceanside, County of Nassau, State of New York, to wit, the defendants, Robert Lenti, Robert Pellegrino, Gaetano Aliseo and Frank Gannon, each aiding and abetting the other and acting in concert, and accompanied by juveniles, during an installation of pledges in an initiation known as 'Hell Night', for the purpose of inducting certain pledges into a fraternal organization, known as Omega Gamma Delta Fraternity, did willfully, wrongfully and knowingly assault Michael Kalogris, Daniel William Alexander, John Thomas Brennan, David Dennis and Richard Stewart by [sic] striking them about the body and face with clenched fists, open hands, forearms and feet."

The indictment also accuses the defendants of the crime of assault, in the third degree (five counts), in violation of section 244 of the Penal Law, committed as follows: "The defendants, Robert Lenti, Robert Pellegrino, Gaetano Aliseo and Frank Gannon, each aiding and abetting the other and acting in concert, and accompanied by juveniles, in the County of Nassau, State of New York, on or about the 4th day of April, 1964, willfully, wrongfully, unlawfully and knowingly, assaulted Michael Kalogris, about the body and face with their clenched fists and open hands."

Defense counsel have made the usual motions concerning failure of the prosecution to establish a prima facie case and guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; in addition certain motions concerning the validity of section 1030 of the Penal Law, which  [p. 684]  reads in applicable part as follows, have been made: ["It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in or aid or abet what is commonly called hazing, in or while attending any of the colleges, public schools or other institutions of learning of this state, and whoever participates in the same shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or imprisonment not less than thirty days nor more than one year, or both at the discretion of the court.  Whenever any tattooing or permanent disfigurement of the body, limbs or features of any person may result from such hazing, by the use of nitrate of  silver or any like substance, it shall be held to be a crime of the degree of mayhem, and any person guilty of the same shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment for not less than three nor more than fifteen years."]

This court's decision on these motions involve inextricable questions of law and fact.  It is the responsibility of this court, at the conclusion of a case of this type, to charge the jury as to the law; however, the novel questions of fact presented clearly reveal the lack of guidelines in section 1030 of the Penal Law, which a normal criminal statute provides to the court for the purpose of instructing the jury on the elements of a specific crime.  Section 1030 is not only vague, but also ambiguous.  It refers to participants, which of necessity must include the pledges, the individuals for whom this statute was enacted to protect.  Are pledges who participate equally guilty of hazing under the terms of this statute?  Does this in law make them accomplices, therefore, requiring corroboration of their testimony?  And what of their consent to participation in the hazing procedures?  When does the hazing treatment administered exceed the consent given?  If the consent is given intelligently, voluntarily and free of deceit or fraud, is this a complete bar and a defense to the acts prohibited by the section?  Do the participants have a legal obligation to abandon the activities, or resort to acts of self-defense in order to dissolve the consent as a defense to make it no longer binding?  It is strongly urged that the Penal Law involving hazing contain guidelines and criteria to resolve these queries.

The testimony elicited upon the People's case was limited to "brothers" and "pledges" of the fraternity involved; they consented and participated in the hazing practices administered. Ordinarily, the paramount question of whether the pledges were accomplices and their testimony was sufficiently corroborated would be one of fact for the jury to determine.  This court contends, however, as a matter of law, that due to the nature of the testimony and the ambiguity of the use of the term "participant" in the statute, that the pledges were participants, consequently accomplices and the required corroboration of their testimony was lacking.  On this theory, not only the hazing count, but counts two to six, inclusive, involving assault, second degree, against these defendants are dismissed.

The District Attorney's office has conducted itself in an admirable fashion in attempting to enforce the law as it is written; it is not the responsibility of the prosecution to interpret the statute; this function is relegated exclusively to the court.
 [p. 685]

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A new statute should be sufficiently informative on its face and so explicit that "all men subject to its penalties may know what acts it is their duty to avoid." (United States v. Brewer, 139 U.S. 278, 288; People v. Vetri, 309 N. Y. 401.) The term hazing no doubt has acquired a common and accepted meaning in society; it has a denotative and connotative definition; however, the term hazing is used in the statute in its generic sense, encompassing both innocuous acts and those which are physically [***8]  and mentally a danger; used in this context the term hazing is not sufficiently informative to warn an individual in advance of the criminal implications involved; this inherent defect in a criminal statute leads to subjective interpretation and arbitrary enforcement.

The legislative intent of the statute remains shrouded in doubt even in the light of pertinent and recognized principles of statutory construction.  (People v. Firth, 3 N Y 2d 472; People v. Diaz, 4 N Y 2d 469; People v. Vetri, 309 N. Y. 401.)
Consent of the pledges certainly should not be a bar to prosecution; intelligent consent cannot be a defense when the public conscience and morals are shocked (Bartell v. State, 106 Wis. 342); nor participation by pledges deem them accomplices.

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The acts committed by the defendants and fellow members of this fraternity are not being condoned by this court.  In fact, this court will pontificate to the extent whereby it will reveal its conscience is clearly shocked by the conduct these defendants and the members of this fraternity have exhibited; their conduct in the treatment of their contemporaries can only be characterized as sadistic, barbaric and immoral.  The dangers inherent in hazing procedures and practices cannot be eliminated unless society, in close co-operation with school administrators, develop policies and attitudes that exhibit an awareness of the wrong and conscientious desire to eliminate it.  Initially, a community effort should be set in motion to compel the Legislature to pass a statute that is sufficiently clear in its term so that the acts prohibited are clearly defined and enforcible, and everyone is sufficiently advised in advance of the criminal activities to be condemned.

This entire problem of hazing must be looked at anew in terms of present fraternity practices.  What is commonly [***10]  referred to as "Hell Night," is well known and feared by most of the parents and responsible school authorities of this country.  It is a practice and custom which a mature society should not allow its young people to engage in.  It has no educational value or significance; on the contrary, it is conduct that is shameful, degrading and despicable.  To assist in an intelligent attempt to aid legislators, educators and parents to band together to promulgate legislation to properly restrict and restrain hazing activities, this court makes the following recommendations:

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[p. 688]  In conclusion, it is therefore ordered that this court dismiss . . . this indictment against all the defendants . . . .